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Thread: Research on history of Jat clans

  1. #241
    Char or Chawara clan

    I reproduce from [Wiki]An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan[/Wiki] (Pages 165-166) By H. W. Bellew which gives some interesting information.
    *************************
    The next tribe of the Sharkhbun branch of the Sarbani Afghan is the Shirani, called also [Wiki]Char[/Wiki] ([Wiki]Chawara[/Wiki] or Chaora Rajput). The Chaora, according to Colonel Tod ([Wiki]Annals of Rajasthan[/Wiki]), was once a renowned tribe in the history of India, though its name, he says, is now scarcely known, and its origin is veiled in obscurity. It belongs neither to the Solar race nor the Lunar race, and is probably of Skythic descent. The name is unknown in Hindustan, and is confined, with many others originating beyond the Indus, to the peninsula of Saurashtra. If foreign to India proper, continues Tod, its establishment must have been at a remote period, as individuals of the tribe intermarried with the Surajbansi ancestry of the present princes of Mewar, when this family were the lords of Balabhi. The capital of the Chaora was the insular Deobandar, on the coast of Saurashtra, and the temple of Somnath, with many others on this coast, dedicated to Balnath, is attributed to this tribe of the Saura or worshippers of the sun. It was Vena Raja or Banraj, prince of Deo, who, 746, A.D., laid the foundation of Anhalwara, which his dynasty ruled for one hundred and eighty-four years, when Bhojraj, the seventh from the founder and the last of the Chaora, was deposed, 931 A.D., by his own daughter's son, Mulraj of the Solanki tribe. Mulraj ruled Anhalwara for fifty-eight years. During the reign of his son and successor, Chawand or Chaond Rae, called Jamand by Muhammadan historians, Mahmud of Grhazni invaded the kingdom of Anhalwara, and drained it of its immense riches, for Anhalwara was at that time the entrepot of the productions of the eastern and the western hemispheres.

    [Page-166]:Anhalwara recovered fully from the devastations of Mahmud, and we find Sid Rai Jay Sing, the seventh from the founder, and who ruled from 1094 to 1145 A.D., at the head of the richest if not the most warlike kingdom of India. Twenty-two principalities at one time owned his power, from the Karnatic to the base of the Himalaya. His successor was displaced by the Chohan, Prithvi Raja, who set on the throne Komarpal, who then, quitting his own Chohan tribe, entered that of the Solanki. Both Sid Rae and Komarpal were patrons of Buddhism. The end of Komarpal's reign was disturbed by the lieutenants of Shahabuddin ; and his successor, Ballo Maldeo, closed his dynasty in 1228 A.D., when the Bhagela dynasty, descendants of Sid Rai, succeeded. Under the Bhagela rule dilapidation from religious persecution were repaired, Somnath rose from its ruins, and the kingdom of the Bahlika Rae was attaining its pristine magnificence, when, under Gahla Karan, the fourth prince, Alauddin invaded and annihilated the kingdom of Anhalwara, sacked and plundered the rich cities and fertile plains of Guzerat and Saurashtra. The statues of Buddha were everywhere cast down and mutilated, the books of his religion everywhere burned and destroyed. The city of Anhalwara was razed to the ground and its very foundations dug up. The remnants of the Solanki dynasty were scattered over the land, and this portion of India remained for upwards of a century without any paramount head, when its splendour was renovated, and its foundations rebuilt by Saharan, Tak, a convert to Islam, under the name of Zapar Khan, who, with the title of Muzaffir, ascended the throne of Guzerat, which he left to his son, Ahmed who founded Ahmadabad.

    I have made this lengthy extract from Tod's "Annals of Rajasthan," because it throws much light upon the affinities of several of the modern Pathan tribes of the Suleman range and Indus frontier. The Chawand Rae, called Jamand by Muhammadan writers, is evidently the source of the Zamand division of the Kharshbun branch of the Sarabani Afghan; and Komarpal's quitting his own Chohan tribe and entering that of Solanki, is clearly the origin of the Afghan account of Shirani's quitting the Sarabani and entering the Ghurghushti branch of the Afghan nation.
    ************************************
    Notes - The objective to quote this passage from book is to highlight-
    1. There is mention of four Jat clans : [Wiki]Char[/Wiki], [Wiki]Chawara[/Wiki], [Wiki]Saharan[/Wiki], [Wiki]Tak[/Wiki]
    2. The statues of Buddha were everywhere cast down and mutilated shows that Buddhism was their faith.
    3. Komarpal's quitting his own Chohan tribe and entering that of Solanki shows that the tribes could be changed at that time.
    4. It shows affinities of several of the modern Pathan tribes of the Suleman range and Indus frontier
    5. During the long centuries of the rule of the Chaora and succeeding dynasties the whole of the eastern portion of Afghanistan was mainly peopled by Indian tribes of Skythic descent, who came into the country at different periods and probably from different directions also.
    Last edited by lrburdak; August 4th, 2012 at 08:40 PM.
    Laxman Burdak

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  3. #242
    Quote Originally Posted by DrRajpalSingh View Post
    Bhai Sahib,

    Pukhata saboot ikathe karane ke liye hi to yeh saari maathapachi ho rahi hai kyonki kisi bhi ek vyakti ke liya sare saboot ikatha karana aur unka tulanatamak adhyan karake itihas kee bhrantiyan dur karana ashmbava nahin to katheen kaam avsya hai.

    Aaj ke scientific methods ko prayog mein lane ke liye bhee team work kee zaroorat padti hai kyonki akela [chahe woh nakali ho ya asali] Itihaskaar kuchh ziyada kaam nahin kar sakata!

    Thanks.
    हो सका तो बहुत जल्दी ,आप जेसे बुजुर्ग इतिहासकारों के नेतर्तव में एक टीम खड़ी करेंगे |
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  5. #243
    Sepat Jat clan

    [Wiki]Sepat[/Wiki] (सेपट) gotra Jats are found in Jaipur, Churu, Tonk districts in Rajasthan. They migrated from Haryana to Rajasthan and till date they are living in Jaipur. Sibati/Spapi/Sipapi/Sipand and Sipat are clans found in Afghanistan.([Wiki]An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan[/Wiki] By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.13-14,81,116,160,168 )

    [Wiki]Lake Urmia[/Wiki] in Iran has 102 islands. One of the island is named Sepid. Probably it gives the name to this Gotra.

    From the evidences from H. W. Bellew's book we can conclude that it is originated from Central Asia.
    Laxman Burdak

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  7. #244
    History of Achra clan

    So far we did not have history of [Wiki]Achra[/Wiki] Jat clan except their linkages with Chauhan.

    Now after complete scanning and wikifying the book [Wiki]An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan[/Wiki] By H. W. Bellew, we found its historical linkages and developed its history as under.

    History of Achra clan

    [Wiki]Achra[/Wiki] (ऐचरा) or Achara (आचरा) or Aichra or Aechra or Ochra (ओचरा) gotra Jats are found in Rajasthan, Punjab and Madhya Pradesh. They are Chandravanshi Kshatriyas. Achra/ Achak/Achi clan is found in Afghanistan.( An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.180 )

    Origin

    This gotra gets its name after Illa (इला) wife of Budha. But they are also said to have got this name from Anglo people of Roma who came to India from Europe.(Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudee, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998 p. 224)

    Budha (बुध) was son of Chandra and progenitor of the Chandravansh. As per record of their bards, they are a branch of Chauhans.

    H. W. Bellew writes that Achra may stand for the [Wiki]Achi[/Wiki] . ( An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.180)

    History

    H. W. Bellew writes that [Wiki]Achak[/Wiki], a tribe held to be distinct from the others by the Durani themselves, I take to represent the Indian [Wiki]Achi[/Wiki] or Achiholada, " The turbulent Achi," of the Rajataringini, a branch of the Damara (Dumar Kakar before noticed) tribe, which figures in the history of Kashmir as a powerful and turbulent people about Lahore and the northern Punjab in the reigns of Avantivarma, 857 to 886 A.D., and of Harsha, 1090 to 1102 A.D., both kings of Kashmir; they may represent tribes of the Tokhari or Toghiyani Turk, or of the Kator. ( An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.161 )

    H. W. Bellew writes that The Achak, or Achakzi, are entirely pastoral and predatory, and inhabit the Kadani valley and north slopes of the Khojak Amran range to the Toba tablelands. But they wander far to the west, and are found scattered all over the country to Herat and Badghis, and parts of the Ghor country. They are reckoned at five thousand tents, and are in two divisions, viz., Bahadur and Gajan. ( An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.164 )
    @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

    Note - You may see details on Jatland Wiki at - [Wiki]Achra[/Wiki]
    Last edited by lrburdak; August 6th, 2012 at 10:39 AM.
    Laxman Burdak

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  9. #245
    Quote Originally Posted by swaich View Post
    Raviji, that is a very interesting observation. Can you share some pics or references?


    चित्राल प्रांत की कुछ आदिवासी अफगान लड़किओं के चित्र |





    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  11. #246



    ये चित्राल प्रांत की एक महिला हैं ,ये आपने आप को मुसलमान नहीं मानते और अपने आदिवासी रीतिरिवाजों के अनुसार रहते हैं | इनके काबिले को केलाश /कालाश कहा जाता हे |
    Last edited by ravinderjeet; August 9th, 2012 at 04:47 PM.
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  13. #247


    ये अज़र्बेजान के एक गाँव की कुर्द औरतें हैं | जिन के घाघरे हमारे यहाँ से मिलते जुलते हैं | वे भी हरयाणा पंजाब की तरह बिटोड़े बनाती हैं और गोस्से पाथती हैं |
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  15. #248


    चित्राल प्रांत की कुछ आदिवासी अफगान लड़किओं के चित्र |
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  17. #249
    With your reference, there are lot many more informations I got about Chitral. Chitral is shown as part of Pakistan and these peoples are still known as kalash.
    Thanks for sharing these informations.
    Don't judge each day by the harvest you reap, but by the seeds you plant.
    Everyone in Our life is going to hurt us, sooner or later. But we have to decide. what's more important? The Pain Or The Person.

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  19. #250


    ये पख्तून लडकियां हैं जो अपने पारम्परिक वेशभूषा में हैं |इनके सबके माथे पर बिंदी हैं |
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  21. #251
    Chitral and Kalash people are unique indeed. They are often brought up in anthropology discussions as remnants of the earliest Indo-European migrants into South Asia.

    The ones in Pakistan are fast losing their religious identity though. There is pressure from Islamists to convert them to Islam as evidenced by another name for this area - Kafiristan.
    Pagdi Sambhal Jatta..!

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  23. #252



    Pashtun woman - Traditional ornaments and dress


    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  25. #253
    में कुर्द लोगों के बारे में जब से उत्सुक था जब सद्दाम हुसेन ने इन् पर जुल्म ढहाए | और पुरे मुस्लिम दुनिया में किसी ने भी उनकी तरफदारी नहीं की | उनके नाक नखस आदि जट्टों से मिलते जुलते हैं | उनकी भाषा को इंडो-इरानी माना जाता हे | वे ताली बजा कर स्त्री-पुरुष साथ में नाचते हैं जो की मुसलामानों में ना के बराबर हे | वे मुसलमान हो कर भी उस धरम का कम ही पालन करते हैं | उनके कुछ वाध्य के नाम हमारे मिलते जुलते हैं
    कुर्द=हिंदी
    ढोल=ढोल
    तंबुर=तम्बूरा
    जोरनाह=ओरनाह ( ओरनाह हरयाणवी में हल के पीछे बीज डालने वाले औजार कोकहते हैं पर उस का रूप किसी भी फ्लूट जेसा होता हे ,और उस्सी फ्लूट को कुर्द ओरनाह कहते हैं |
    गोरानी =रागनी
    कुर्दों का पहनावा स्त्री-पुरुष जट्टों जेसा हे ,वे अपने पूरवज मेढ़ों को मानते हैं जो की पश्चिम और पश्चिमौतर भारत की एक कौम रही हे | ७०% कुर्द खेती और पशुपालन करते हैं | कुर्दों में एक कहावत हे की " कुर्दों का कोई दोस्त नहीं इस दुनिया में "| क्या एसा नहीं लगता की ये वो ही जाट हो सकते हैं जो मोहमद्द पेगामबर के पहले से ही वहां पर मौजूद थे और पैगम्बर साहेब ने उनको युद्ध में साथ देने के बदले में ईराक के उत्तर में एक इलाका बसने के लिए दे दिया था | कृपया इतिहासकार इस पर कुछ प्रकाश डालेंगे !!
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  27. #254
    Ravinderji Excellent images and info. Thanks for sharing.
    Laxman Burdak

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  29. #255
    Chitral Jat connections

    Kalas tribe live in Chitral. Chitral is known for the famous Kalash tribe polytheist native inhabitants that ruled the region for centuries later invaded by "Khow". The Kalasha reside in an enclave of three remote valleys west of Ayun, which is ten miles down from Chitral town.

    Kalash tribe of Chitral

    [Wiki]Kalash[/Wiki] (कलश) is a gotra of Jats. [Wiki]Kalasha[/Wiki] clan is found in Afghanistan. [An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.115,144,145,147]

    Origin

    They get name after Nagavanshi mahapurusha Kalasha (कलश). [Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudee, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998, p. 233]

    In Mahabharata

    Udyoga Parva/Mahabharata Book V Chapter 103 mentions Names of famous Nagas of Bhogavati: It has got Kalasha:

    आर्यकॊ नन्दकश चैव तथा कलशपॊतकौ
    कैलासकः पिञ्जरकॊ नागश चैरावतस तथा Mahabharata (V.103.11)

    Kator tribe of Chitral

    H. W. Bellew writes that The Sakarauloi of Herodotus are by some supposed to be represented by the modern Sarikoli, but a preferable identification is obtained by reading Sakatauroi instead of Sakarauloi ; we should then have on the east of Baktria the great and powerful Kataur or Kator nation, which established contemporary branch dynasties at Kabul and in Kashmir, and which is at this day represented in Afghanistan by the Shah-Kator princes of Chitral and Kashkar. [An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.142 ]

    H. W. Bellew writes that Katar, or Kator, is the same people as the Katoran or Katorman, who established a Turk dynasty which ruled contemporaneously in two branches at Kabul and Peshawar respectively, from the beginning of the fifth to the latter part of the ninth century, when, after losing much of their power and territory to the Tuar Rajput kings of Delhi, they were finally overthrown by them and the Ghaznavis. Under the rule of the Kator Yuechi (Getai or Jata) Buddhism was the religion of the country, but during the century or so of Tuar Rajput sovereignty, Brahminism was the dominant religion, till the Hindu was finally dispossessed by Sabaktagin, who founded the Ghaznavi Turk dynasty. The Shah Katori of Kashkar and Chitral, who, as above suggested, represent the Sakarauloi of Strabo, are the same people as the Katar of Kafiristan, the name of which country was formerly Kator ; at least in the time of Tamerlane, the beginning of the fifteenth century. [An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan By H. W. Bellew, The Oriental University Institute, Woking, 1891, p.146]

    The Kator (or Katoar or Kataria or Kshatriya), the Kotol or Kitolo of the Chinese or Kedara or Katorman of Abu Rehan or Cidaritae or White Huns of Priscus, are none else but Yueh-Chih. [ The Jats:Their Origin, Antiquity and Migrations, by Hukum Singh Panwar (Pauria) p.325]
    Last edited by lrburdak; August 11th, 2012 at 09:59 PM.
    Laxman Burdak

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  31. #256
    बुरडक जी कलश आदिवासिओं के डी.अन.ए. म्यूटेशन से पता चला हे की इनके डी. एन. ए . में पिछले पांच हजार साल से कोई परिवर्तन नहीं हुआ हे ,और ये महाभारत काल से वहीँ पर रहते आ रहे हैं , इनके होप्लोग्रूप इरानी और काकेसियन से ज्यादा मिलते जुलते पाए गए हैं |
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  33. #257
    Ravinderji We have created page on Jatland here - [Wiki]Chitral[/Wiki]

    Let us expand it !!!
    Laxman Burdak

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  35. #258
    Quote Originally Posted by lrburdak View Post
    Ravinderji We have created page on Jatland here - Chitral

    Let us expand it !!!

    धन्यवाद बुरडक जी , मेरे विचार से कुर्दों पर भी कुछ खोज बीन होनी चाहिए |
    :rockwhen you found a key to success,some ideot change the lock,*******BREAK THE DOOR.
    हक़ मांगने से नहीं मिलता , छिना जाता हे |
    अहिंसा कमजोरों का हथियार हे |
    पगड़ी संभाल जट्टा |
    मौत नु आंगालियाँ पे नचांदे , ते आपां जाट कुहांदे |

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  37. #259
    Quote Originally Posted by ravinderjeet View Post
    धन्यवाद बुरडक जी , मेरे विचार से कुर्दों पर भी कुछ खोज बीन होनी चाहिए |
    It is an excellent idea to be put into practice by those scholars who are interested in the topic suggested !

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  39. #260
    [Wiki]The Races of Afghanistan[/Wiki]

    Being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country.

    By: H. W. Bellew, C.S.I. Publisher: Thacker Spink And Co. Calcutta.1880.

    We are wikifying this book on Jatland.

    Chapter X: Pages 90 - 96 deals with The Dadicae. We assume that this Dadicae of Herodotus is present [Wiki]Dudi[/Wiki] Jat clan. This statement is open for discussion. Now we give details what the author H. W. Bellew writes about this clan. You may see on Jatland at - [Wiki]The Races of Afghanistan/Chapter X[/Wiki]

    Chapter X: The Dadicae

    [Page-90]: The Dadicae are the last of the four Indian nations mentioned by Herodotus as forming a single Satrapy on the extreme eastern frontier of the Empire of Darius. There has been some difference of opinion as to the identification of this people, By one party they are supposed to be represented by the modern Tajik, but this does not seem a natural philological transition ; and besides the term Tajik only came into common use after the Arab conquest of Persia, as will be explained further on when we come to consider the Tajik people.

    Others, again, have considered them to be represented by the hill people located north of the Gandanans, and formerly called Darada, a name which is still known to, but not in common use amongst, that people, though it is still the pationymic of the natives of Chilas, on the other side of the Indus, who style themselves Dard. The transition from Darada to Dadicae is not a natural one either, and it is much more probable that the Dadicae, who were evidently neighbours of the Sattagydae, are truly represented by the existing Dadi, a small tribe now incorporated with the Kakar, and still clinging to their ancient seat The Dadicae or Dadi, it would appear, originally possessed all the country now occupied by the different clans composing the Kakar tribe, but were gradually ousted, decimated, and finally absorbed by them. When these changes took place it is difficult to say, but the subject will be better understood if we leave the Dadi, and turn to the consideration of the Kakar, the present possessors of the country,

    [Page-91]: The Kakar of Afghanistan are a people of Scythic origin, and of kindred race with the Gakkar or Ghakkar, who are settled in Chach and Rawal Pindi on the other side of the Indus, and other parts of India According to the Afghan accounts, Kakar was the grandson of Ghurghusht or Ghughisht, by his second son, Dani And this Ghughisht was the youngest of the three sons of Kais or Kish, the great ancestral progenitor of the Afghan nationality of modern times It has already been shown how the name of the first son, Saraban, was merely the adoption of the race title of the people whom the Afgan genealogists classified together as one set of the descendants of Kais, and the fact of their Rajput origin might have been then made clearer by tracing up to more recent times, the names of the successive generations of ancestors, except that it would needlessly complicate the subject by a multiplicity of strange names. At the risk of this, however, it may be here mentioned that the above-named Saraban, according to the Afghan genealogies, had two sons named Shaijyun and Khrishytin. These are evidently transformations of the common Rajput proper names Surjan and Krishan ; and they have been still more altered by transformation into Muhammadan names Sharjyun being changed into Sharfuddin and Krishyun into Khyruddin. Similar traces of Indian affinity are to be found in almost all the Afghan genealogical tables And it is only what we might expect when we remember the tradition that the five Pandu brother kings, about the time of the Mahabharata, or great war which was decided on the field of Kurukshetra, near Thanesar north of Delhi, emigrated to the Panjab and Afghanistan as far as Ghazni and Kandahar, and there established independent kingdoms which lasted for several centuries. The third son of Kais, Ghirghisht or Ghurghusht, appears to have derived his name from the national origin of the clans classed together as his descendants by Afghan genealogists, in the same way as they have done with the name of the eldest son, Saraban For
    Last edited by lrburdak; August 12th, 2012 at 09:29 PM.
    Laxman Burdak

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