Firozshah Tughlak

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Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq was a Turkish Muslim ruler of the Tughlaq Dynasty, who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388. His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq|Ghazi Malik who had the title of Sipahsalar. He succeeded his cousin Muhammad bin Tughlaq following the latter's death at Thatta in Sindh where Muhammad bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit of Taghi the ruler of Gujarat.

For the first time, Delhi Sultanate was facing a situation wherein nobody was ready to accept the reigns of power. With much difficulty the camp followers convinced Firoz to accept the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy on throne claiming him to the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq who meekly surrendered afterwards. Due to widespread unrest his realm was much smaller than Muhammad's.

Rule

He was 45 when he became Sultan of Delhi in 1351. He ruled until 1388. At his succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, including in Bengal, Gujarat and Warangal. Nonetheless he worked to improve the infrastructure of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded several cities around Delhi, including Jaunpur, Firozpur, Hissar, Firoz Shah Kotla, Fatehabad.

A moderate ruler

Tughlaq was a moderate Muslim. He made a number of important concessions to theologians. He tried to ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being his prohibition of the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at the graves of saints. He persecuted a number of Muslim sects which were considered heretical by the theologians. Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's rule. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor to keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent and lenient as a sultan. He also decided to keep nobles and the Ulema happy so that they would allow him to rule his kingdom peacefully.

Hindu religious works were translated from Sanskrit to Persian language. He had a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, Arabic language and other languages. He brought 2 Ashoka Pillars from Topara in Ambala district, and Meerut, carefully wrapped in silk, to Delhi. He re-erected one of them in his palace at Feroz Shah Kotla.

Transfer of capital was the highlight of his reign. When the Qutb Minar struck by lightning in 1368 AD, knocking off its top storey, he replaced them with the existing two floors, faced with red sandstone and white marble. One of his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known as Kushak Mahal, is situated within the Teen Murti Bhavan complex, New Delhi. The nearby Kushak Road is named after it, as is the Tughlaq Road further on.

Legacy

His eldest son, Fath Khan, died in 1376. The Sultan then abdicated in August 1387 and made his other son, Prince Muhammad, king. A slave rebellion forced the Sultan to confer the royal title to his grandson, Tughluq Khan.

Tughlaq's death led to a war of succession coupled with nobles rebelling to set up independent states. His lenient attitude had strengthened the nobles, thus weakening the Sultan's position. His successor Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II could not control the slaves or the nobles. The army had become weak and the empire had shrunk in size. Ten years after his death, Timur's invasion devastated Delhi.

फिरोजशाह तुगलक और पंचायती वीरों का बलिदान

(सन् 1351 ई० से 1388 ई० तक)

संवत् 1409 (सन् 1352 ई०) की घटना है। दिल्ली के फिरोजशाह बादशाह ने जब साम्प्रदायिक आधार पर जनता के धार्मिक कार्यों पर प्रतिबन्ध लगाया और प्रतिबन्ध को मनवाने के लिए अत्याचार किये, तब सर्वखाप पंचायत ने इन शाही अत्याचारों को दूर करवाने के लिए बलिदान दल बनाया और हरयाणा के स्वयंसेवक योद्धा वीरों की सेना में से 210 वीरों को छांटकर बादशाह के दरबार में दिल्ली भेजा। सर्वखाप पंचायत में सम्प्रदाय और जाति-बिरादरी के भेदभाव बिना सब लोग सम्मिलित थे। इन 210 वीरों के बलिदान दल में निम्नलिखित लोग सम्मिलित थे - जाट 66, ब्राह्मण 25, अहीर 15, गूजर 15, राजपूत 15, वैश्य 10, हरिजन 9, बढ़ई 8, लुहार 6, सैनी 5, जुलाहे 5, तेली 5, कुम्हार 4, खटीक 4, रोड़ 4, रवे 3, धोबी 3, नाई 2, जोगी 2, गोसाईं 2 और कलाल 2 ।

इन वीरों ने सर्वखाप पंचायत के नेताओं से आशीर्वाद लिया और कार्तिक पूर्णिमा को गढ़मुक्तेश्वर में गंगा-स्नान करके देहली को प्रस्थान किया। इनके साथ 150 अन्य व्यक्ति भी चले जो कि देहली के समाचार को पंचायत के नेताओं तक पहुंचाने के लिए नियुक्त किये गये थे। यह जत्था देहली के शाही दरबार में पहुंच गया। पहले ये 5 वीर योद्धा दरबार के भीतर घुस गये - 1. हरभजन जाट, 2. सदाराम ब्राह्मण, 3. रूड़ामल वैश्य, 4. अन्तराम गूजर, 5. बाबरा भंगी। शेष 205 बाहर जन्मभूमि के जयकारे लगाने लगे। वीर हरभजन जाट ने बादशाह से कहा कि “जजिया हटाया जाये, मन्दिर और तीर्थों पर कर न लगाया जाये तथा धार्मिक कार्यों में हस्तक्षेप न किया जाये।”

बादशाह के काजी मुइउद्दीन ने कहा कि “तुम इस्लाम कबूल करो।”

हरभजन जे उत्तर दिया कि “धर्म का सम्बन्ध आत्मा से है। इसमें दबाव नहीं दिया जा सकता।” काजी ने कहा - “क्या तुम धर्म पर प्राणों को कुर्बान कर दोगे?”

सब वीरों ने एक साथ उच्च स्वर से कहा - “हां, हमारे लिए धर्म प्राणों से प्यारा है।”

तुरन्त अग्नि जला दी गई, काजी ने कहा - “सबूत दो।”

पांचों वीरों ने धर्म का जयघोष किया और सब ने अग्नि में कूदकर अपने प्राणों की बलि धर्म रक्षार्थ चढ़ा दी। शेष वीरों ने भी अग्नि में कूदकर अपने प्राणों की बलि दे दी। उसी समय एक मुसलमान फकीर ने काज़ी की खुले शब्दों में निन्दा की और कहा कि बादशाह का हुक्म देश पर चलता है, धर्म पर नहीं। धर्म का सम्बन्ध खुदा से है। यह अन्याय है। बादशाहत नष्ट हो जायेगी। इस पर मुल्लाओं ने शोर मचाया और फकीर को काफ़िर कहकर 210 वीरों के साथ ही जला दिया। इस फकीर का नाम बालूशाह था। जौनपुर में रहने वाला युसुफजई नामक फिरक़े का एक बहादुर पठान मन्नूखां इस जुल्म को सहन न कर सका और उसने काजी का सिर काटकर फेंक दिया और स्वयं भी अपने पेट में छुरा मारकर बलिदान दे दिया। इसी प्रकार सैयद, लोदी और मुगलों के समय में अनेक वीरों ने प्राणों का बलिदान दिया।[1]

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