Kallur

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)

Kallur (कल्लूर) is an archaeological site located in the Manvi taluk of Raichur district in the state of Karnataka, India.[1]

Origin

The word Kallur consists of two Kannada words: kallu which means "stone" and uru which means "town". The number of granite hillocks that surround Kallur, may have given the place its name.[2] Some of the hillocks that are present here are Yammigudda, Pirbannur, Agsargudda, Kampangudda and Polannagudda.

Variants

  • Kallura (कल्लूर) (जिला रायचूर, मैसूर) (AS, p.151)

History

The site came into prominence with the discovery of antennae swords in the 1930s, which was the first instance of the Copper Hoard culture being discovered in South India.[3] The earliest finding here has been dated to the Neolithic period.

Excavation: The site was first excavated in 1939–40 by M. Khwaja Ahmed of the Archaeological Department of Hyderabad state. It was later explored by F. Raymond Allchin in 1952.[4]

Findings: Swords - Villagers living around Kallur discovered three antennaed swords under a boulder on Pirbannur hillock in the 1930s. The swords were made of cast copper with the longest sword being 38 1⁄2 inches (98 cm) in length and the shortest sword being 26 3⁄4 inches (68 cm) in length. The antennae of these swords was about 6–7 cm in length.[5] These swords are similar to the ones found in the sites of Copper Hoard culture in North India, like Fatehgarh, and hence provide the first instance of such a site being found in South India.[6][7] Robert von Heine-Geldern postulated that these swords were influenced by the Koban culture, but the Indian archaeologist, B. B. Lal disagreed.[8][9]

Paintings: On the Yammigudda hillock; buffaloes, miniature bulls and a man have been found painted over a rock face. Russet-coated painted ware have also been found here.[10]

Objects: Other objects found here include cores of chert, jasper and chalcedony, stone axes, red ware, shell bangles and beads of semi precious stones. Presence of iron ore and quartzite provide the evidence that iron smelting in a crude form was performed here. Coins of the Satavahana period have also been found here.[11]

Note: The following content is from the book - History And Legend In Hyderabad, Department of Information and Public Relations, 1953,p.114

Kallur: There are some old 13th century temples in the village and a Hanuman temple outside wherein are two beautiful old pieces of sculpture one representing Ganesa and the other Saptamatrika (Seven Mothers).

There is another temple called Mukandeshwara situated to the west of the village. It seems to be the oldest shrine in the village; its pillars having some good carvings. The bases of the pillars are covered with bas-relief representing floral designs, animal figures and droll subjects. The superstructure of the temple excepting the sikhara seems to have been built in Bahmani or Adil Shahi period as is obvious from the turrets, the friezes and other Muslim motifs.

To the north of Mukandeshwar temple, at a distance of about a furlong and a half, is a small temple in which an image of Kali, locally known as Karamma, has been enshrined. The fourth shrine is not in use. The fifth temple is called Pelommal Gudi. The sixth temple is known as Venkateshwargudi. There are three inscriptions in the village. One of the records has been fixed opposite Karamma’s temple. The other inscription is carved on a piece of sculpture representing an elephant and the last inscription is close to the well.

कल्लूर

विजयेन्द्र कुमार माथुर[12] ने लेख किया है ...कल्लूर (AS, p.151): 13 वीं सदी के कई मंदिरों के अवशेष इस ग्राम में स्थित हैं. ग्राम से पश्चिम की ओर मुकुन्देश्वर का मंदिर है जो संभवत यहां का प्राचीनतम स्मारक है. इसके स्तंभों पर उत्कृष्ट नक्काशी है. इनके आधारों पर पुष्प तथा पशुओं के मूर्ति चित्र अंकित हैं. शैली के आधार पर यह कहा जा सकता है कि मंदिर का ऊपरी भाग शिखर को छोड़कर बहमनीकालीन है. मुकुंदेश्वर मंदिर के पास ही उत्तर की ओर एक छोटा सा मंदिर है जिसमें करम्मा या काली की मूर्ति प्रतिष्ठित है. ग्राम के अंदर अन्य मंदिर हैं--पेलोम्मल गुडी और वेंकटेश्वर गुड़ी.ग्राम के बाहर प्राचीन हनुमान मंदिर है जिसमें गणेश तथा सप्तमातृकाओं की मूर्तियां प्भी हैं. कल्लूर के तीन प्राचीन अभिलेख भी प्राप्त हुये हैं-- पहला करम्मा मंदिर के सामने, दूसरा एक हाथी की प्रतिमा पर और तीसरा एक कुएं के पास. इनसे ग्राम के अवशेषों का समय जानने में सहायता मिलती है.

External links

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ghosh, Amalananda (1990) [1990]. An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09262-5., p.197
  2. ↑ Ghosh, Amalananda (1990) [1990]. An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09262-5., p.197
  3. ↑ Ghosh, Amalananda (1990) [1990]. An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09262-5., p.197
  4. ↑ Allchin, F. R. (1979) [1979]. "A South Indian Copper Sword and its significance". In Johanna Engelberta, Lohuizen-De Leeuw. South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-05996-2.p. 113
  5. ↑ F. R. Allchin (1979), p113
  6. ↑ Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p197
  7. ↑ M. L. K. Murty (2003), p91
  8. ↑ Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p351
  9. ↑ Shendge, Malati J. (2003) [2003]. The Civilized Demons: The Harappans in Rigveda. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-064-8. p. 169
  10. ↑ Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p197
  11. ↑ Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p197
  12. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.151
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