Rajatarangini of Kalhana:Kings of Kashmira/Wiki Editor Notes

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Kings of Kashmira

Being A Translation of the Sanskrit Work

Rajatarangini of Kalhana Pandita: Vol 1

By Jogesh Chunder Dutt

1887

London: Trubner & Co.

Notes on Rajatarangini of Kalhana Pandita: Vol 1

List of Jat Clans in Rajatarangini Vol.1

Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

B

  • Bhukhar: The prime minister Changkuna built in another place a vihara with a chaitya; and Ishanachandra the physician and brother to the wife of Changkuna, having obtained wealth through the favor of Takshaka, built a Vihara. The king Lalitaditya further caused a permanent asylum for the poor to be built at Parihasapura, to which he presented one lac and one plates filled with food. He also caused a town to be built in a barren place that thirsty men might find water, there. He invited prudent men from other countries, and brought Changkuna brother of Kangkanavarsha, an alchemist, from Bhuskhara. The king exchanged with this man a statue of Buddha which he brought from Magadha for certain jewels of mysterious properties. This statue Changkuna placed in the monastery which he built, and can be seen to this day, surrounded by iron railings. (Book IV, p. 69, 73) (Bhuskhara→Bhukhar)
The queen of Kashmir Didda was excessively grieved at the death of her son Abhimanyu whose infant son Nandigupta became king. For a short time, the queen, remained sunk in grief and did not exercise much cruelty. And from that time she became religious. The superintendent of the city, named Bhuyya, brother of Sindhu, and a good man, was her adviser in her pious deeds.(Book VI,p.162) (Bhuyya→ Bhuiya)
The queen Didda while living with Tungga murdered Bhuyya.(Book VI,p.164) (Bhuyya→ Bhuiya)

C

This description from Rajatarangini shows that the kings omitted were followers of Buddhism. The ascetic Shrichchhavillaka, we believe, must also be a Buddhist. Following rulers of sandhi: Shrichchhavillaka = Shri + Chhavillaka. Here Chhavillaka should be of Chavil/Chavel clan found in Jats.

D

  • Dalla/Dalka: There was one Dallaka, the Daishika who was a great jester and favorite of the king. This was the man through whom Bhoja king of Malava built a golden tank, and it was through him that he fulfilled his resolution to wash his face always with the waters from the shrine of Papasudana. He too robbed the people. He used to prepare betels with perfumes, and the king gave him almost all his riches. The king, for the further payment of this man's dues, mortgaged to him, rich as he was now, the throne and crown marked with the design of peacock's tail. Every month these things were brought from the betel man's house on the day of worship. At last the king stopped these excesses by giving charge of his treasury to bis queen Suyyamati. The fear caused by the grooms and Dallaka subsided at once, and the kingdom once more enjoyed peace. (Book VII,p.182) (Dallaka→ Dalla)
  • Damara: In the Kashmira year 97, in the month of Pousha, the Tantris set aside Partha and set up his father " the idle," their protege to the throne. But in the month of Magha next year he died after having coronated his infant son Chakravarmma. In the year 9 (of the next century) the ministers set aside Chakravarmma, and raised to the throne Shuravarmma son of "the idle," by queen Mrigavati. Chakravarmma, spoiled of his glory, entered one night into the house of a headman of the Dāmara tribe, named Sangrāma, living at Shralhakka. He knew his guest to be the king, and made his homage to him, and gave him his own seat. The king, now humbled, and driven from his kingdom, asked him for aid. On the morning Chakravarmma followed by innumerable Damaras, marched towards the capital. The Tantri infantry placed Shangkarabardhaua at their head, and went out on the 8th bright lunar day of Chaitra to meet the enemy. Chakravarmma made rapid marches unostentatiously and in disguise. A slurp fight ensued outside the town of Padmapura in which Shangkarabardhana was killed by Chakravarmma who rode a horse. On his death, the Tantri army fled in every direction. But Chakravarmma overtook them in their flight and beheaded them with his sword. In this battle the Tantris lost five or six thousand men, who were killed by Chakravarmma and remained under the shadow of vultures' wings.Thus with the help of the Jat clan Damara Chakravarmma could win his kingdom back. (Book V,pp. 126-130)(Damara→ Damara)
Damara is mentioned in Rajatarangini of Kalhana:Kings of Kashmira (pp. 154, 161, 162, 167, 210, 211,245,258,262,264, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272,273, 284, 285, 288, 290,294) (Damara→ Damara)

E

F

G

H

  • Hala: Hela was a chief in Kashmir, other-wise called Mahattama. Hela, who had appropriated the money, entrusted to him for distribution to others, became afraid, and tried to induce the king to some evil action. He advised him, in conjunction with the people of Lohara, to capture the fort of Dhata in order to subjugate the province of Darad.Book VII (p.257, 258) (Hela→ Hala)

I

J

  • Jajja - Rajatarangini tells us that when Sussala became king of Kashmir second time in 1121 AD he had to face defeat but continued the renewal of war. .... Although the king Sussala's army was destroyed, yet with twenty or thirty men of the royal blood and of his own country, Sussala faced the enemies. Udayabrahma and Jajjala, lords of Champa and Vallapura, of the royal blood and of his own country, helped Sussala in facing the enemies in 1121 AD. (Book VIII,p.92) (Jajjala→Jajja)
Rajatarangini tells Sahadeva's son who was severely wounded quickly killed Sanjapala's father's brother, the old Shila, who was found there. The respected Jajjala was weary and was entering his house preceded by an attendant ; the attendant was killed as also a soldier and a Chandala sentinel. Jajjala's little boy was seated in the court-yard, but was coming out when he saw his father's party, when Rilhana caused the house to be set on fire. From the darkness caused by the smoke, Jajjala was brought out by the principal soldiers, tied, and faint with wounds, and was killed at the gate of the house by some low persons. Book VIII (i), p.193 (Jajjala→Jajja)

K

L

  • Lav: Rajatarangini mentions that Lava was a renowned prince of Kashmir. He had a vast and powerful army under him, and probably carried on many wars with his neighbours. It is said of him that the noise of his army made his people sleepless, but lulled his enemies to long sleep (death). He built the town of Lolora which, it is said, contained no less than eighty-four lacs of stone-built houses. Nothing more is said of him than that he bestowed the village of Lovara in Ledari on Brahmanas before his death. He was succeeded by his son Kusheshaya, who was a powerful prince. He bestowed the village of Kuruhara on Brahmanas. (Book I,p.7) (Lava→Lav)


Rajatarangini tells....On that day Ananta of Kashmir's son, Ananda the great, was killed by the Damaras at Lochanoḍḍāraka while on his march. He did many good acts and could undergo hard labor. [VIII (i)] (Lochanoḍḍāraka→Lochan
Rajatarangini tells that In the reign of Harsha of Kashmir (1089-1101 AD), The Damaras became riotous, and he ordered the lord of Mandala to massacre them. The Damaras inhabiting Madava and Lohara were first attacked and murdered like birds in the nests. Even the Brahmanas who dwelt at Madava were not spared by the destroyer of the Lavanyas (Damaras). Poles were fixed on the place where the Damaras were executed. One wife of a Lavanya was impaled, the rest were terrified, and fled on all sides. Some fled to the country of the Mlechchhas and lived on beef, others took to working wheels at wells. The lord of Mandala sent to the fierce king many garlands made of the heads of the Lavanyas. The gates of the palace was seen filled with Damara heads. Gold, cloth, and other valuable things were kept at the palace-gate, and whoever brought a Damara head obtained one of them from the door as his reward. And the birds lingered at the king's gate to feed on human heads. Wherever the king stopped, the gates were adorned with garlands of Damara heads. The bad smell which arose, and the cry of jackals, made the place appear like the spot assigned for the burning of the dead. From the tank at Valeraka to Lokapunya, the lord of Mandala erected a row of the impaled Damaras. After having quite depopulated — Madava of the Damaras, the lord of Mandala intended to do the same with Kramarajya, and marched towards it. In despair the Damaras of this place collected an army at Loulaha. They fought a fierce battle, and the lord of Mandala was for a time baffled. Book VII (i), p.262) (Loulaha→Lol)

M

N

Nonaka is mentioned in Book VII (p.207, 210, 219, 222, 227, 229,232, 233, 235) (Nonaka→Naunakha)
Nila:grandson of king Ananta of Kashmir,Book VII (p.186) (Nila→Neel)
Nilapura:kingdom,Book VII (p.211) (Nilapura→Neel)
  • Nonaka:minister who learnt the art of covering copper with gold, Book VII (p.207, 210, 219, 222, 227, 229,232, 233, 235) (Nonaka → Naunakha)

O

P

  • Pat - Rajatarangini mentions that Uchchala of Lohara family was killed by a revolt. Raḍḍa became king for a short time in 1111 AD. When Raḍḍa ascended the throne, his powerful and warlike friends and servants prepared themselves for battle. His friends Batta (Baṭṭa), Patta (Paṭṭa) the Tantris fought for a longtime and fell at the principal gate of the palace ; the warriors Katta Suryya &c, also fell there. The king Radda with sword and shield killed many of his enemies in fight within the palace. At times his opponents despaired of victory; but Radda fell in battle after a long struggle and after killing many of his foes. After the minder of his late master Uchchala, Gagga disclaimed wealth and punished Radda, though dead, as befitted a rebel. (Book VIII,p.30 (Patta→Pat). Paṭṭa (पट्ट) of Rajatarangini in sanskrit becomes Pāt (पाट) Jat clan as Jaṭṭa (जट्ट) becomes Jāṭ (जाट).

Q

R

S

At this time died Hiranya after a reign of thirty years and two months without leaving any issue. At this time there reigned a powerful king at Ujjayini named Vikramaditya otherwise called Harsha. He subdued the whole world, and destroyed the Shakas, a Mlechchha tribe. He was a man blessed with uncommon good fortune, and was also a great patron of the learned. (Book III,p.39)
  • Shahi: Vasantalekha, wife of the king Harsha of Kashmir, was a daughter of the Sahi family, who built monasteries and villages for the habitation of the Brahmanas in the capital and at Tripureshvara. (Book VII, p.240)
  • Shura: Rajatarangini tells us that The brother and brother's son of Avantivarmma rose against him several times, but he defeated them in battle, and having restored peace in his kingdom, he divided bis wealth among his friends and servants, out of affection towards them. Out of his affection too for his step-brother Suravarmma he raised him to the dignity of heir-apparent. This Suravarmma bestowed the villages of Khadhuya and Hastikarna to Brahmanas, and set up images of two gods named" Suravarmmasvami and Gokula. ....Shura raised many edifices, and among others one for Hara- Parvati, a figure half male and half female, at the shrine Sureshvari. This temple was very strongly built. And having set up the god Shureshvara, he built the temple Shura-matha, as high as his own mansion, for the dwelling of devotees. He built a beautiful town named Shurapura.(Book V,p. 107-109)
Alexander Cunningham (The Ancient Geography of India/Kingdom of Kashmir,p.99) writes that Surapura, the modern Supur or Sopur, is situated on both banks of the Behat River, immediately to the west of the Great Wular Lake. It was originally called Kumbuva, and under this name it is mentioned in the chronicles of Kashmir as early as the beginning of the fifth century.(Ibid., iii. 227. ) It was rebuilt by Sura, the minister of Avanti Varmma, between A.D. 854 and 883, after whom it was called Surapura. From its favourable position at the outlet of the Wular Lake, I think it probable that it is one of the oldest places in Kashmir.


T

  • Takka: Kalasha sets on fire Anantadeva's place.... The queen found in the morning a linga, unburnt which was made of jewels and which she sold for seventy lacs to the Tākās. With this money she bought food and clothes for the servants, and repaired the burnt house. Book VII (p. 206)
  • Takshaka: The prime minister Changkuna built in another place a vihara with a chaitya; and Ishanachandra the physician and brother to the wife of Changkuna, having obtained wealth through the favor of Takshaka, built a Vihara. The king Lalitaditya further caused a permanent asylum for the poor to be built at Parihasapura, to which he presented one lac and one plates filled with food. He also caused a town to be built in a barren place that thirsty men might find water, there. He invited prudent men from other countries, and brought Changkuna brother of Kangkanavarsha, an alchemist, from Bhuskhara. The king exchanged with this man a statue of Buddha which he brought from Magadha for certain jewels of mysterious properties. This statue Changkuna placed in the monastery which he built, and can be seen to this day, surrounded by iron railings. (Book IV,p.73)
  • Thakan - The king of the Thakkiyaka family took service as guard under the king of Kashmira. The latter caused the kingdom of the Thakkiya king which had been usurped by the king of Bhoja to be restored to him. (Book V,p. 115-116)
Rajataranginimentions Thakkana, who were supporters of the old king Anantadeva father of King Kalasha of Kashmir. (Book VII, p.199,200)
Rajatarangini mentions Thakkana, who were supporters of the old king Anantadeva father of King Kalasha of Kashmir. Thakan is mentioned on Rajatarangini. (Book VII, p.199,200,206)
Rajatarangini mentions that ....The king lost his intellect in his anger and impaled Simba and Simba's younger brothers Simha and Thakkanasimha. He made Shrivaka, lord of Kampana, and having confined Janakasimha, he appointed Sujji, brother of Prajji, in the Rājasthāna (palace.) Year 1121 AD (Book VIII,p.89)
Rajatarangini further mentions that Tulla and others were enraged and intended to rebel, but were kept back by the wiles of Udayasinha. Udayasinha committed suicide by his sword. Pretending to lead them to the king, the officers shut Tulla and others up in the prison. The king was kind hearted and intended to spare them on account of their youth. But at night one wicked Vimbiya tortured them by tying a rope round their necks in the king's presence. Vimbiya murdered four of them, — Tulla, Vijayaraja, Vulla and Gulla. Even to this day, old men speak of their beauty, even after death, with tears in their eyes. Long was the place of their death known by their scattered teeth red with the murks of betel. (Book VII,p.248-249)
  • Tungga - Rajatarangini (Book VI,p.164-167) writes that In a village named Vaddivasaparnotasa there was born one named Vāna of the tribe of Khasha. He had a son named Tungga, who tended buffaloes. This man with his five brothers came to Kashmira, and entered the service of the minister for war and peace; and was employed to carry letters. He once brought a letter to the queen Didda (958 - 1003 AD), she saw him, and fell in love with him. Tungga, to whom the queen became every day more and more attached, at last superseded all, and became the chief minister. See more at Tungga in Rajatarangini

U

V

  • Vainya:According to RajataranginiVainyasvami is the place where Vitasta and Sindhu on the right were made to meet one another. Vainyasvami is god setup by king Vainya. And even to this day the junction made by Suyya near this town exists ; as also the two gods Vishnusvami and Vainyasvami at Phalapura and Parihasapura situated on either side of the junction; and the god Hrishikesha whom Suyya worshipped, just at the junction. And to this day may also be seen the trees which grew on the banks of the river as it flowed before, distinguished by marks of ropes by which boats were tied to them. Thus Suyya diverted the course of rivers. He raised a stone embankment seven yojanas in length ; and thereby brought the waters of the Mahapadma lake under control. (Book V, p.113)

W

X

Y

Z

References

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