The Ancient Geography of India/Index

Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (Retd.)

The Ancient Geography of India: I. The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang Sir Alexander Cunningham Trübner and Company, 1871 - India

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Contents: Top   · 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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A

• Afghan states, 131.
• Afghanistan, or Opokien, 87.
• Agahat, or Aghat Sarai, an old city near Sankisa, 371.
• Ahi-chhatra, or Ahi-kshetra, the capital of N. Panchala, 359 ; identified with Adikot, or Ahi-chhatra, near Ram Nagar in Rohilkhand, 360 ; fort restored about two hundred years ago, by Ali Muliammad Klian, 363.
• Ajudhan, or Pak-pattan, an ancient city in the Panjab, 214, 218.
• Ajudhya, the ancient capital of Oudh, 401.
• Akbar, ruins of an ancient city in the Panjab, 212.
• Akrureswara, now Aklesar, on the Narbada, opposite Bharoch, 322.
• Akshay-Bat, or Tree of Prayag, 389.
• Alakappo, capital of a tribe of tlie Vrijis, 450.
• Albania in Panjab, identified with Labania or the Sanskrit Lavana (salt), 157 ; famous for its fighting dogs, 157.
• Alexander — accounts of India, collected by, 1 ; siege of Aornos, 62, 63; passage of the Hydaspes, 160, 169.
• Alexandria Opiane, 21 ; same as Opian, 23 ; ad Caucasum, 24.
• Alor, capital of Upper Sindh, 257 ; chief city of the Musikani, 257.
• Amaravati, modern temple and town close to the ruins of Dharanikotta, 543.
• Ambakapi, the Amakatis of Pto-lemy, in the Eastern Panjab, 195.
• Amin, or Abhimanyu-Khera, near Thanesar, 337.
• Amyntas, author of ' Stathmi,' 2.
• Anandapura, near Vallabhi, 493.
• Analwara, or Naharwala, 320,322.
• Anarta, district in S.W. India, 6.
• Andhra in S. India, 527 ; now Telingana, 527 ; its people called Andarae by Pliny, 528.
• Anoma, or Aumi river, to the east of Kapila, 423.
• Andrapana, or Draband, 86.
• Aornos in Bactria, fort of the Varni, 60.
• Aornos, near the Indus, identified with Ranigat, 58; with Mahaban, 59; Raja Hodi's fort, 59; same as Avaranas, 60 ; fort of Raja-vara, 60, 65, 67 ; description of, 69.
• Apaga rivulet, now the Ayek R. ; flows past Sangala-wala Tiba or Sangala, 185, 209.
• Arabii, or Arabitae, a barbarous people to W. of Indus, 304, 305.
• Arachosia, of the Chinese, 39, 60 ; its two capitals, 39.
• Arattas, or Arashtras, the same as the Arestae, Adraistae, or Andrestae, 215.

• Arguda of Ptolemy, identified with Argandi, 38.

• Asarur, or Asrur, in the Panjab, identified with the Tse-kia of Hwen Thsang, 192.

• Asi rivulet at Banaras, 436.

• Asthipura, near Thanesar, 336.

• Atari, a ruined fort in the Panjab, 228; identified with the Brahman city taken by Alexander, 228.

• Atranji-khera, on the Kali Nadi, identified with the ancient Piloshana, 364.

• Attak Banaras, on the Indus, 53.

• Avanta, district in S. India, 6.

• Avantipura, in Kashmir, 95, 103.

• Ayek rivulet, identified with the Apaga, 185, 209.

• Ayomukha, or Hayamukha on the Ganges, 387.

• Ayuto, on the Ganges below Kanoj, 382 ; identified with Kakapur, 385 ; perhaps the same as Bagud of the Tibetan books, 386.

B

• Babar-Khana, or Tiger's House, part of Taxila, 112, 116.

• Bagarda of Ptolemy identified with Wardak, 38 ; perhaps the same as the Zend Vaekereta, 38.

• Bagris, the people of Bagar-des or Bikaner, 247 ; probably connected with the Yaudheyas or Johiyas, 247.

• Bagud, or Vugud, of the Tibetan books, identified with Ayuto, 386.

• Bahikas, or Arattas, in the Panjab, 215.

• Baibhar, or Vaibhara, mountain one of the Five Hills of Rajagriha, 463.

• Bairat, or Vairat, capital of Matsya, 337 ; 105 miles to S.W. of Delhi, and 41 miles to N. of Jaypur, 341 ; residence of the Five Pandus during their 12 years' exile, 340 ; visited by Hwen Thsang, 343 ; taken by Mahmud, 344.

• Balabhi, or Valabhadra, a famous city and kingdom in W. India in the seventh century, 316 ; identified with Surashtra and the modern peninsula of Gujarat, 317; now Vamilapura, in ruins, 323,

• Balayas, or Bulukas, a tribe of the Vrijis, 450.

• Balnath ka Tila, a lofty mountain to W. of Jhelam, 165 ; called ' Hill of the Sun,' by Plutarch, 165.
• Banaras, or Varanasi, vulgo Benares, 435.
• Banu, the Falana and Pona of the Chinese, 84, 85 ; perhaps Banagara of Ptolemy, 86.
• Bappa, or Vappaka, a descendant of the Balabhi family, founded a new kingdom at Chitor, 318.
• Barahmula, or Varahamula, 99.
• Barbarike, or Bhambura, in Lower Sindh, 294 ;
• Barke of Justin, and Barbari of Ptolemy, 295.
• Baryaza, or Bharoch, 324, 326.
• Bazaria, identified with Bazar, 65.
• Begram, near Opian, 20 ; ancient remains, 21 ; identified with Karsana, 27; meaning of name, 29 ; description of plain of, 29 ; near Peshawar, 79.
• Bhatiya, or Bahiya, or Pabiya, or Paya, a strong fortress between Multan and Alor, 256.
• Bhatner, fortress, 146.
• Bhira, or Jobnathnagar, 155 ; capital of Sophites, 155.
• Bias, or Byas river, changes in its course, 222.
• Bihar, or Vihar, an ancient city of Magadha, 473.
• Bij Biara, or Vijipara, 98.
• Bir, or Pher mound, part of Taxila, 111.
• Bodhi tree at Peshawar, 79.
• Bolor, or Balti, the Palolo of the Chinese, 83 ; country of the Byltae of Ptolemy, 84.
• Brahmana, or Brahmanabad, the city of Brahmans, called Harmatelia by Diodorus, 267, 268; identified with the ruins of Bambhra-ka-thul, 272.

• Brahmapura, in the hills to the N.E. of Haridwar, 355 ; identified with Vairatpattan, 355.

• Bukhepala, 159 ; may be identified with Dilawar, according to the description of Strabo, 176, 177 ; or with Jalalpur, according to Plutarch, 176 ; most probably Jalalpur, 177.

C

• Cadrusi of Pliny, same as Cadrusia of Solinus, 31; identified with Koratas, 31.
• Ceylon, 557.
• Champa, or Chamba, on the Ravi, 141.

• Champa, now Patharghata, on the Ganges, 477.
• Chandels of Khajura, 55.
• Charitrapura in Orissa, now Puri, 510.
• Chenab River, changes in its course, 323.
• Chi-chi-to, or Jaghoti, 55.
• Chinapati, or Patti, in the Eastern Panjab, 200 ; called Haibatpur, 201.
• Choliya, or Jorya, 545 ; now Zora, or Jora, close to Karnul, 547 ; the Sora of Ptolemy, 547.
• Clisoboras, or Carisobora of Pliny, an ancient city on the Jomanes, or Jumna, identified with Kalika-vartta, or Vrindavana, 375.

D

• Daedali Montes, or Dantaloka, 52,66.

• Dantaloka Mount, or Monies Daedali, 52, 66.
• Dantapura, on the Godavari, capital of Kalinga, 517.
• Darapur and Dilawar, to west of Jhelam, 161.
• Darel, to west of Indus, identified with the Chinese Thalilo and Toli, 82 ; country of the Dards, 82 ; possessed a colossal statue of Buddha 83
• Debal, an ancient city in the Delta of the Indus, 297 ; situated near Lahari-bandar, 299 ; the enchanted city of the 'Arabian Nights,' 300.

• Depalpur, an ancient city in the Panjab, 213.

• Dhamek Stupa, near Banaras, 438.

• Dhopapapura, a famous place of pilgrimage in Oudh, 401.

• Diodorus. Size of India, 4.

• Dionysopolis, the Dinus of Abu Rihan, 46 ; monogram of Dion on Greek coins, 46.

• Donakakotta, or Dharanikotta, 530 ; mentioned as Dhanaka-kata in cave inscriptions, 531 ; and by Hwen Thsang, 530; Danaka of Abu Rihan, 543.

• Dravida, capital Kanchipura, 548.

• Drona, a measure, used for the division of Buddha's relics, 441.

• Drishadwati river, the southern boundary of Kurukshetra, or Brahmavartta, 333.

• Dron-Sagar, at Ujain in Rohilkhand, the ancient Govisano, 359.

E

• Elapura, or Elawar, identified with Erawal or Verawal, or the ancient Pattan, or Pattan Somnath, 319.

• Embolima, or Ekbolima, 56, 57; identified with Ohind, 65, 67.

• Erannoboas, or Hiranyabaha river, the present Son, 453.

• Eratosthenes. Size and shape of India, 2.

F

• Fa-la-na, or Banu, 39, 84 ; the Po-na of Fa-Hian, 84.
• Five Divisions of India, according to the Puranas, 7 ; according to the Chinese, 10.
• Fo-li-shi-sa-tang-na, or Ortospana, 34.
• Po-lu-sha, or Parashawar, 47, 78.

G

• Gabhastimat. One of nine divisions of India, 7.
• Gandhara, or Parashawar, 47, 78 ; the Gandaritis of Strabo, Gandarae of Ptolemy, and Kien-to-lo of Chinese,47; its boundaries, 48.

• Gandharva. One of nine divisions of India, 7.

• Gangadwara, or Haridwar, 358.

• Ganges, called Mahabhadra, 354 ; the Hyparchos of Ktesias, and Hypobarus of Pliny, 355 ; formerly ran past Kanoj, 379.

• Ganjam, in east India, 513.

• Garjapatipura or Ghazipur, 438.

• Gaya Bauddha, in Magadha, 455 ; Brahm, the present city of Gaya, 458.

• Ghazni, the Chinese Hosina, capital of south Araohosia, 39 ; modern fortress, 41; identified with the Gazos of Dionysius and Nonnus, 43.

• Girivraja, or Kusagarapura, the ancient capital of Magadha, 462.

• Girjhak, or Jalalpur, 162, 177; perhaps the Girivraja of the Ramayana, 164.

• Giryek, mountain near Bihar, 471 ; Indra's Cave in it, 471 ; Jarasandha's Tower on top, 471.

• Gorakhnath ka Tila, or Balnath-ka-Tila, or simply Tila, a lofty mountain to west of Jhelam, 164.

• Gor-katri, or Katri-kor, at Peshawar, 80, 81 ; at Ranigat, 76.

• Govisana, an ancient division of Rohilkhand, identified with fort of Ujain, near Kashipur, 356.

• Gridhrakuta, or Vulture's Peak, a famous mountain near Rajagriha, 466 ; now Sailagiri, 466.

• Gujarat, in the Punjab, anciently Hairat, 179.

• Gurjjara, a province of western India, capital Balmer in seventh century, 312; identified with Western Rajasthan, 313.

• Guzar, or Guzaristan, the Chinese Ho-sa-lo. capital of Northern Arachosia, 39 ; the Ozola of Ptolemy, 40.

H

• Harahaura. District in northwestern India, 6.

• Harapa, an ancient city in the Panjab, 210; description of its ruins, 211.

• Haridwara, or Haradwara, 351.

• Harsha Varddhana, king of Kanoj in the seventh century, 378 ; established the Sri Harsha era in A.D. 607, 378 ; died in 648 or 650, 378 ; n. Appendix A.

• Hashtnagar, 50.

• Hatial fort, part of Taxila, 111,113.

• Hayamukha, or Ayomukha, on the Ganges, perhaps the same as Daundia-khera, 387.

• Hiranya Parvata, now Mongir, 476.

• Hodi, Raja, fort opposite Attak, 58.

• Ho-sa-lo, or Guzar, the capital of north Arachosia, 39 ; the Ozola of Ptolemy, 40.

• Ho-si-na, or Ghazni, the capital of south Arachosia, 39.

• Hu-phi-na, capital, 33; same as Kophene or Kipin, 34.

• Hushkapura, founded by Hushka, 91, 95, 99; the Hu-se-kia-lo of the Chinese, and modern village of Uskar, 91.

• Hwen Thsang, a famous Chinese pilgrim, who travelled over the greater part of India between the years 629 and 644. Chronological list of places visited by him. Appendix A.

I

• India. —
  • Northern India, 12, 15, 17;
  • Western, 12, 248 ;
  • Central, 12, 327;
  • Eastern, 12, 499;
  • Southern, 12, 515;
  • eighty kingdoms in seventh century, 13;
  • political divisions in seventh century, 13 ;
  • western boundary sometimes extended beyond the Indus, 15 ;
  • size and shape, according to Patrokles, 2;
  • Eratosthenes,2;
  • Pliny,3;
  • shapeand divisions, according to Mahabharata, 5 ;
  • nine divisions of astronomers, 5 ;
  • five divisions of Puiauas, 7 ;
  • of Chinese, 10;
  • Chinese names of India, 9 ;
  • shape and dimensions of India, according to Chinese, 11 ;
  • one of nine divisions of India, 7.

• Indrasila-guha, a famous cave in the Giryek mountain, 471.

• Indus river, changes in its course, 251 ; ancient course past Alor, 258; delta of the Indus, 283.

• Jajhoti, the ancient name of Bundelkhand, 481 ; capital, Khajuraho, 481.

• Jajhotiya Brahmans, 483.

• Jalandhara, 135, 136, 137 ; same as Trigarta, 137,

• Jarak, on the Lower Indus, 287.

• Jayendra Vihara, in Kashmir, 97.

• Jushkapura, now Zukru, 101.

K

• Kabul, same as Kaofu, 17, 18 ; Ptolemy's Kabolitae, 33 ; size of Province, 37.
• Kabul, city, Ptolemy's Kabura, 33.
• Kacha Kot, part of Taxila, 112,115.
• Kachh, a large province in western India, 302 ; attached to Sindh in the seventh century, 302 ; capital, Kotiswara, 303.
• Kahaon, an ancient city near the Rapti river, 433.
• Kahror, an old town near Multan, 241 ; scene of battle between Vikramaditya and the Sakas, 241.
• Kaikanan, or Ki-Kiang-na, 86.
• Kakupur, an ancient city below Kanoj, identified with Ayuto, 386.
• Kali, or Kalindri Nadi, flows past Kanoj in the old bed of the Ganges, 379.
• Kalikavartta, or Vrindavana, the modern Brindaban, 375.

• Kalinga in south India, 515 ; country of Pliny's Calingse, 517 ; its capital Rajamahendri, 516.
• Kalyankot, or Tughlakabad, great fort at Thatha, 289.

• Kamarupa, or Assam, 500.

• Kamatipura, capital of Kusa-Vihara, or west Kamrup, 500.

• Kambistholi, a people of the Panjab, 216.

• Kanchipura, capital of Dravida, 548.

• Kanishkapura, in Kashmir, founded by Kanishka, the present Kampur, 95, 99.

• Kankjol, near Rajmahal, 478.

• Kanoj, a famous city in the Gangetic Doab, 376.

• Kaofu, 17, 18; same as Kopliene, or Kipin, 34.

• Kapila, the birthplace of Buddha, 414 ; identified with Nagar, 415.

• Kapisa, or Capissa, or Caphusa, Kiapishe of Chinese, 19 ; perhaps the modern Kushan, 27

• Kapisene, or Capisene, Kiapishe of Chinese, 18.

• Karamar hill, 71.

• Karisi, city of, name on coins of Eukratides, 28.

• Karsana, or Cartana, Kiulusapang of Chinese, 20, 26 ; called Tetragonis, or the square, 27, 28 ; monogram of name found on the coins of many Greek kings, 29.

• Kaserumat, one of nine divisions of India, 7.

• Kashmir, kingdom, its extent in the seventh century A.D., 89; valley of, 90; people of, 93 ; old capital of, 93.

• Kasi, the ancient name of Banaras, 438.

• Kasi-Banaras, 54.

• Katak Banaras, 54.

• Kauninda, district in north-east India, 6.
• Ketas, or Ketaksha, 124.
• Khrigipura,or Khagendrapura, vulg. Kakapur, 98
• Khajuraho, ancient capital of Jajhoti, 481.
• Khaka-Bamba, near Kashmir, 131.

• Kheda, or Kaira, 492.
• Khukhundo, an ancient city near the Rapti river, 433.
• Khunamusha, or Khunamoh, 98.
• Kien-to-lo, or Gandhara, 47.
• Kirana-Suvarna, or Singhbhum, 504.
• Koli, an ancient city on the Rohini, near Kapila, 416 ; probably the same as Mokson, 417.
• Konkana, 552.
• Kophene, or Kabul, 32 ; same as Huphina, 34.
• Kos, a measure of length. Appendix B.
• Kosala, or Mahakosala, in south India, 519 ; identified with Vidarbha, or Berar, 520.
• Kosambi, or Kosam, a famous city on the Jumna, 391.
• Kot Kamalia, in the Panjab, 208 ; identified with the first city of the Malii, captured by Alexander, 208.
• Krokola, or Karachi, the Kolaka of Ptolemy, 306.
• Kshemavati, or Khemavati, the birthplace of the Buddha Krakuchanda, 419 ; identified with Kakua, 419.

• Kukkutapada, or " Cock's-foot Hill," 459 ; now Kurkihar, near Gaya, 460.
• Kullu, or Kuluta, on the Bias river, 142.
• Kumarika, one of the nine divisions of India, 7.
• Kurukshetra, a famous place of pilgrimage around Thanesar, 332.
• Kusagarapura, the old capital of Magadha, 461 ; also called Girivrijja, 462 ; now Purana Rajgir, 463.
• Kusapura, or Kusabhavanapura, now Sultanpur, on the Gumti river, 398.
• Kusawar; or Kasur, in the eastern Panjab, 199.
• Kusinagara, the scene of Buddha's death, 430 ; identified with Kasia, 430.

L

• Lahor, or Lavor, near Ohind, 57 ; identified with Salatura, 58.

• Lahor, the modern capital of the Panjab, anciently Lohawar, 197.

• Langala, or Lakorian, near Kilat, 311.

• Lan-po, or Lamghan, 42 ; Sanskrit Larapaka, Ptolemy's Lambatae, and modern Lamghan, 43.

• Lateswara, a province in west India, 321.

• Lauriya, an old town, with a stone-pillar, to the north of Bettiah, 448.

• Li, a Chinese measure of length, about one-sixth of a British mile. Appendix B.
• Lichhavis, a tribe of the Vrijis, 445 ; kings of Nepal, Tibet, and Ladak of this race, 451.
• Locharna of Ptolemy, identified with Logar, 38.

• Lohawar, or Lahor, the Labokla of Ptolemy, 197 ; named Mahmudpur by Mahmud of Ghazni, 198.

• Lo-mo-in-tu river, or the Helmand, 39.

• Lumbini, a garden near Kapila, the scene of Buddha's birth, 416.

M

• Madawar, or Mandor, in Roliilkhand, 349.

• Madhyantika, or Majjhima, made colossal statue of Buddha, 83.

• Madra-desa, a district in the eastern Panjab, 6, 185, 215 ; Sakala its capital, 185.
• Magadha, district in east India, 6, 452.
• Mahaban mountain identified with Aornos by General Abbott, 59 ; description of, 61 ; monastery, 61.
• Mahabharata, shape of India according to, 5 ; five divisions of India, 5.
• Maharashtra, 553.
• Mahasara, or Masar, 440.
• Maheswarapura, now Mandala, or Maheshmatipura, 488.
• Mahoba, or Mahotsavanagara, 484, 485 ; capital of the Chandel Rajas, 487.
• Majerika, country of the Nagas, famous for its beautiful stupa, 534; identified with the Bassaronaga of Ptolemy, 539 ; capital Malanga, 539.
• Malakuta, or Madura, 549.
• Malanga, capital of Bassaronaga, or Majerika, 539.
• Maleus, or Mallus mountain, 508 ; identified with Mount Mandar.
• Malwa, on the Mahi river, 490.
• Manhabari, identified with Minnagar and Thatha, 289, 290.
• Manikyala, 121.
• Mansura, the Muhammadan capital of Sindh, close to Brahmanabad, 271.
• Markandeya Parana, divisions of India, 5, 6.
• Massanae, or Sodrae, or Sogdi, 253.
• Mathura, a famous city on the Jumna, the Modura of Ptolemy, and Methoras of Pliny, 373.
• Matsya Purana, divisions of India, 5, 6..
• Mayapura, or Mayura, near Haridwar, 351.
• Megasthenes, measurements of India by, 2, 3, 4.
• Melane, Alexandria, founded by Alexander, now Ras Malan, 309.
• Minnagar, identified with Thatha, 289,291.
• Mong, or Mung, on the Jhelam river, identified with Nikaea, the scene of Alexander's victory over Porus, 177 ; founded by Raja Moga, 178.
• Morontobara, or the Women's Haven, now called Muari, or Cape Monz, 307.

• Multan, 215 ; fort and city, 230 ; various names, 232 ; capital of the Malli where Alexander was wounded, 238; taken by Chach in seventh century, 239.

• Mundas, one of the aboriginal tribes of east India, 505 ; perhaps the same as the Murundas, 507.

• Musikani, a people of Upper Sindh, 257 ; their capital Alor, 257.

N

• Nagarahara , or Jalalabad, 4 3 ; Nang-go-lo-ho-lo of the Chinese, 44 ; capital at Hidda, the Hi-lo of the Chinese, 44 ; the Nagara, or Dionysopolis of Ptolemy, 46.

• Nairanjan, or Lilajan, river, 455, 457.

• Nalanda, a famous monastery in Magadha, near Gaya, 468 ; now called Baragaon, 469.

• Naulibe, or Nilab, 48.

• Nava-deva-kula, near Kanoj, perhaps Deokali, 382.

• Nava-khanda, or Nine Divisions of India, 5.

• Navandgarh, or Naonadgarh, an ancient fort near Bettiah, 448 ; earthen stupas at, 449.

• Nepala, 451.

• Nikaia, identified with Kabul, 36 ; description by Nonnus, 36 ; on the Hydaspes, identified with Mong, 174, 177.

• Niphanda of Ptolemy, probably the same as Ophiana, 25.

• Nirankot, or Haidarabad, the ancient Patala, 279.

• Nurpiir, or Pathaniya, 143.

O

• Odra, or Orissa, 510 ; its capital Jajipura, 512,
• Ohind, Oaihand, or Utakhanda, 52 ; identified with Embolima, 65,67.
• Ophir, or Sophir, or Sauvira, 497, 561.
• Opiai of Hekaeteus, 25 ; their royal town not identified, probably Kabul, 36.
• Opian; 18, 20, 21, called Hupian by Baber, 21.
• O.po.kien, or Afghan, 41, 87.

• Oritae, or Horitae, a barbarous people lowest of Indus, 304, -307.

• Ortospana, 18; the Sanskrit Urddhasthana, 33; identified with the Bala Hisar of Kabul, 35.

• Oxykanus, or Portikanus, king of the Praesti, in upper Sindh, 259, 260; name probably derived from Ptolemy's Oskana, 262.

• Ozola of Ptolemy, the Ho.sa.lo of the Chinese, 40.

P

• Pabhi hills to east of Jhelam, 166.

• Padmapura, in Kashmir, the modern Pampur, 95, 102.

• Pak-pattan, or Ajudhan, an ancient city in the Panjab, 214.

• Pa.lo.lo, or Bolor, 83, 84.

• Palibothra, or Pataliputra, 2, 452.

• Palodheri, or Po.lu.sha, 51.

• Panchala, district in Central India, 6.

• Panjab, hill-states, 130 ; called Taki, or Takin, or Tafan, or Tafak, or Takishar, 150.

• Panjpir hill, 71,

• Pantasok, in Kashmir, founded by Asoka, 95.

• Parihasapura, in Kashmir, 101.

• Paropanisus, 19.

• Patala, or Pitasila, the capital of Lower Sindh, 279; identified with Nirankot, or Haidarabad, 279; also called Patalpur, 281.

• Pathan, in Kashmir, 101.

• Patrokles, size and shape of India, 1, 2.

• Patti, or Chinapati, in the eastern Panjab, 201 ; residence of Chinese hostages in time of Kanishka, 202.

• Paundra Varddhana, or Pubna, 480.

• Pawa, or Padraona, an ancient city on the Gandak river, 434.

• Pehoa, or Prithudaka, near Thanesar, 336.

• Peshawar, or Parshawar, 78.

• Peukelaotis, or Pushkalavati, 49 ; Peukelas Peukalei Peukolaitis, Proklais, 49.

• Piloshana, an ancient district in the Gangetic Doab, identified with Atranji Khera, 364.

• Pippalavana, or the Pippala Forest, the site of the Charcoal Tower, 429.

• Po.lu.sha, or Palodheri, or Pelley of Court, 51.

• Po-na, or Banu, 84 ; the Fa.la.na of Hwen Thsang, 83.

• Porus, camp at Mong, to east of Jhelam, 172.

• Praesti, a people governed by Portikanus, or Oxykanus, 259 ; their capital Mahorta, 260; probably the Oskana of Ptolemy, 262.

• Pragbodhi mountain, in Magadha, now the Mora Pahar, 458.

• Prasii, the people of Magadha, or Palasa, or Parasa, 454;Pharrasii of Curtius, 454.

• Pravarasenapura, the new capital of Kashmir, 95, 96, 97.

• Prayaga, or Allahabad, 388.

• Prithudaka, or Pehoa,near Thanesar, 336.

• Prithu Raja, gave name to Prithudaka, 336.

• Pu.lu.sha.pu.lo, or Parshawar, 47 capital of Gandhara, 78.

• Punacha, near Kashmir, 128, 129.

• Puranadhisthana, the old capital of Kashmir, the present Pandrethan, 93 ; possessed a tooth of Buddha, 94.

• Pu.se.kia.lo.fa.ti, or Pushkalavati, 60.

• Pushkalavati, or Peukelaotis, Pukkalaoti, Pukkala, 49 ; stupa of the ' eyes-gift,' 51.

R

• Rajagriha, now Rajgir, the old capital of Magadha, 467.

• Rajapuri, or Rajaori, 129, 130.

• Ramagrama, a famous city between Kapila and Kusinagara, 420 ; identified with Deokali, 421 ; relics removed by Nagas to the stupa, near the Diamond Sands, 534, 536.

• Rambakia, now Rambagh, on the Aghor river, near Hingulaj, 309.

• Rani-gat, or ' Queen's Rook,' identified with Aornos, 60, 67 ; description of, 72, 73 ; attributed to Raja Vara, 60-77, 78.

• Ran-si, or Nara-Sinha, in the eastern Panjab, 193 ; description of ruins, 194.

• Ratnagiri, one of the Five Hills of Rajagriha, 463.

• Ravi river, its ancient course past Multan, 221.

S

• Sailagiri, the famous Gridhrakuta, or 'Vulture's Peak,' near Rajagriha.

• Sairindhas, the people of Sirindha, or Sarhind, 146.

• Sakala, or Sangala in the Panjab, now Sanglawala Tiba, 180 ; She-kie-lo of Hwen Thsang, 180 ; description of hill and ruins, 182 ; Brahmanical accounts of Sakala, 184 ; Buddhist accounts of Sagal, capital of Raja Milinda, 186; subject to Raja Mihirkul, 187 ; classical notices of Sangala, 187.

• Saketa, or Ajudhya, the ancient capital of Ondh, 401, 405.

• Salatura, or So-lo-tu-lo, birthplace of Panini, identified with Lahor, near Ohind, 57.

• Salt Range of Mountains, 157 ; Mons Oromenus of Pliny, and the Sanskrit Raumaka, 157.

• Samatata, or the Gangetic Delta, 501.

• Sambracae, or Sabracae, or Sarabastae, a people at the junction of the Panjab rivers, 244 ; probably the same as the Yaudheyas, or Johiya Rajputs, 245.

• Sankisa, or Kapitha, an old city in the Gangetic Doab, 369.

• Sara-kupa, or the Arrow Fountain, 419; identified with Sarwanpur, 420.

• Sarana stupa, or ' Asylum Tope,' at Chapra in Saran, 441.

• Saraswati, or Sarsuti, river, 331, 333.

• Sarhind, old city, 145.

• Satadru, province, 144.

• Satgarha, an ancient city in the Panjab, 212.

• Sattagudai of Herodotus, the same as Thatagush of Darius, 26.

• Sattapanni, or Srotaparni, cave at Rajagriha, 463.

• Saumya, one of the Nine Divisions of India, 6.

• Sauvira, district in W. India, 6.

• Sauvira, or Sophir, 497.

• Savaras, or Suars, 509 ; the Suari of Pliny, and Sabarae of Ptolemy, 509.

• Sehwan, the ancient Sindomana, 264.

• Shorkot, province of the Panjab, 203 ; city, capital of the province, 205 ; perhaps Alexandria Soriane, 206.

• Sindh, or the valley of the Lower Indus, 248 ; Siro, or Upper, capital Alor, 249 ; Vichalo, or Middle, capital Brahmanabad, 262 ; Lar, or Lower, capital Patala, 277.

• Sindhu, district in W. India, 6.

• Sindomana, or Sehwan, 263 ; capital of Sambus, 263.

• Singhapura, identified with Ketas, 124.

• Si-pi-to-fa-la-sse of Chinese, 26.

• Sir-kap-ka-kot, part of Taxila, 111, 117.

• Sir-suk-ka-kot, part of Taxila, 111, 115.

• Sobhavati-nagara, the birthplace of the Buddha Kanakamuui, 419; identified with Subhay-pursa, 419.

• Sodrae, or Sogdi, or Massanae, 253 ; the same as the Sodha Rajputs, 254.

• Sonagiri, one of the Five Hills of Rajagriha, 463.

• Son-bhandar, cave at Rajagriha, 463.

• Sophir, or Sauvira, 497, 561.

• Sophytes, or Sophites, or Sopeithes, king of the western Panjab, including the Salt Range of Mountains, 157, 158.

• Soron, or Sukara-kshetra, an old town on the Ganges, 364.

• Sravasti, in Pali Sawatthi, or Sewet, a famous city in ancient Oudh, 407 ; identified with the ruins now called Sahet-Mahet, 409.

• Srinagari, old capital of Kashmir, 95, 96.

• Srughna, now Sugh, on the old Jumna, near Jagadri, 345.

• Sthaneswara, or Thanesar, 328.

• Sudrakas, or Surakousae, 215.

• Sunuriswara, the capital of Langala, 311 ; probably only the name of a temple, 311.

• Surapura, in Kashmir, the modern Sopiur, 95, 99.

• Surashtra, a province in W. India, now Surath, or Gujarat, 317 ; the same as Balabhi, 324.

• Swat, or Subhavastu, 81; identified with Udyana, 81; Uchangna of the Chinese, Udyana of Sanskrit, 81.

T

• Tafan, Takin, Takishar, the same as Taki, or Takkadesa, 151.

• Takht-i-Bahai, ruined city, 71.

• Taki, city, of Asarur, 191 ; the Pimprama or Alexander, 191; description of ruins, 192; the Tse-kia, or Ta-kia, of Hwen Thsang;, 192.

• Taki, province of Panjab, the Tse-kia of Hwen Thsang, 148, 154.

• Takkadesa of Raja Tarangini, 149 ; divisions and boundaries, 153.

• Takka-desa, or country of the Takkas, in the Panjab, 149.

• Tamralipti, or Tamluk, 504.

• Tamraparna, one of the Nine Divisions of India, 6.

• Taxila, or Takshasija, 104 ; of classical authors, 105 ; of Chinese, 108 ; extent of ruins, 111 ; extent of district, 120.

• Tha-li-lo, or To-li, the same as Darel to W. of Indus, 81; country of the Dards, 81.

• Thanesar, or Sthaneswara, 328.

• Thatha, in Lower Sindh, 288 ; identified with Minnagar and Manhabari, 289.

• Tiladaka, or Tillara, monastery, 455, 456.

• Tirabhuktis, a tribe of the Vrijis, the people of Tirhut, 445.

• Tsau-ku-ta, or Arachosia, 40.

• Tulamba, a famous fort near Multan, 224 ; one of the cities taken by Alexander, 226.

U

• Uchh, an ancient town situated at the old junction of the Panjab rivers, 242 ; founded by Alexander, 243.

• Udayana, Raja of Kosambi, or Vatsa-pattana, 392.

• Udayagiri, one of the five hills of Rajagriha, 463.

• Udyana, or Swat ; in Pali, Ujjana, 81 ; Uchangna of the Chinese, 81 ; capital named Mangala, 82.

• Uhand, or Wehand, 54.

• Ujain, or Ujjayini, 489.

• Urasa, near Kashmir, Varsa Regio of Ptolemy, Ulashi of Chinese, 103.

• Ushkara, or Uskar, the ancient Hushkapura, 100.

V

• Vadari, or Eder, 494, 561.

• Vaibharagiri, or Webharo, or Baibhar, one of the five hills of Rajagriha, 463.
• Vaidehis, a tribe of the Vrijis, 445.

• Vaisali, or Besarh, an ancient city to the N. of Patna, 443.

• Vara, Raja, of Aornos, 60-77 ; seat of his queen on Ranigat, 60 ; his stables, 61.

• Varaha Mihira, Nine Divisions of India, 5, 6.
• Varana, or Barna Nadi, at Banaras, 435.

• Varanasi, or Banaras, 435.

• Varsa, or Urasa, 103.

• Vatsa-pattana, or Kosambi, 392.

• Vena Raja, cured of leprosy at Prithudaka, 336 ; founded the fort of Soron, 365.

• Vipulagiri, or Wopullo, one of the five hills of Rajagriha, 463.

• Visakha, or Ajudhya, the ancient capital of Oudh, 401, 403.

• Vishnu Purana, Divisions of India, 5, 6.

• Vriji, a district, the modern Tirhut, 445, 447 ; the people called Vrijis, or Wajjis, 445.

W

• Wajjis, or Vrijis, a famous people, inhabitants of Tirhut, 445.
• Wehand, or Ohind, 54, 56.

Y

• Yaudheyas, a Rajput tribe in western Rajasthan, 245 ; the modern Johiyas, 345.