Vijaya Vietnam

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Author: Laxman Burdak IFS (R)
The territory of Champa circa 1000–1100, depicted in green, lay along the coast of present-day southern Vietnam. To the north (in yellow) lay Đại Việt; to the west (in blue), Angkor

Vijaya (विजय) was a city-state in the ancient kingdom of Champa in what is now the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. It was the capital of Champa for several centuries until it was conquered by Vietnam in 1471.

Variants

Location

Vijaya was centred on the lowland area along lower Côn River, in what is now the south of Bình Định Province. To the east of the plain and near the estuary of the river is a strategic and well-protected location for a port. This led to the rise of Cảng Thị Nại, one of the major ports of Champa. The river leading up into the highlands to the west was important for the trade with highland peoples supplying Champa with luxury goods such as eaglewood for export. Vijaya's geography was also important for its agriculture. With one of the larger rivers of Champa, its soils were more fertile than that of many other places.[1] This allowed for a relatively large concentration of people near the centre of Vijaya, which resulted in a relatively large number of temples.

History

Vijaya was located in present-day Bình Định Province. Early mention is made of Vijaya in an AD 1160 inscription at Po Nagar.[2] The capital has been identified with the archaeological site at Cha Ban. The associated port was at present-day Qui Nhơn. Important excavations have also been conducted at nearby Thap Mam, which may have been a religious and cultural centre. Vijaya became the political and cultural centre of Champa around AD 1000, when the northern capital of Indrapura was abandoned due to pressure from the Viet. It remained the centre of Champa until AD 1471, when it was sacked by the Viet and the centre of Champa was again displaced toward the south. In its time, the principality of Vijaya controlled much of present-day Quang-Nam, Quang-Ngai, Bình Định, and Phú Yên Provinces.

The area around Vijaya was probably one of earliest landfalls of the Cham people in what is now Vietnam.[3] However, its architecture implies that it did not become important until the 11th or 12th century.[4] Records suggest that there was an attack on Vijaya's citadel from Vietnam in 1069 (when Vietnam was ruled by Lý Nhân Tông) to punish Champa for armed raiding in Vietnam. The Cham king Rudravarman III was defeated and captured and offered Champa's three northern provinces to Vietnam (present-day Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị provinces).[5][6]

Vijaya was also involved in wars with Angkor (now Cambodia) in the 12th and 13th centuries. Khmer military incursions into Champa were successful for some time and Suryavarman II managed to subdue Vijaya in the 1145, deposing Jaya Indravarman III,[7] but the Khmer were later defeated in 1149.[8][9] Vijaya was at times dominated by the Khmer king Jayavarman VII.[10] The Khmer king relied on Cham supporters for his successful military campaigns in both Angkor and Champa.[11] Major wars with Vietnam were fought again in the 15th century, which eventually led to the defeat of Vijaya and the demise of Champa in 1471.[12] The citadel of Vijaya was besieged for one month in 1403 when the Vietnamese troops had to withdraw because of a shortage of food.[13] The final attack came in early 1471 after almost 70 years without major military confrontation between Champa and Vietnam. It is interpreted to have been a reaction to Champa asking China for reinforcements to attack Vietnam.[14] Although much of Champa was dissolved after 1471, Vijaya, as well as other principalities, remained as a sort of protectorate within Vietnam.[15]

Architecture

Vijaya's architecture distinguishes it from other Champa centers, because it used a combination of stone and brick elements,[16] while most other Cham structures only used bricks. This suggests some influence from Cambodian Angkor.[17] It also points to the relative abundance of labour in Vijaya compared to other Champa centres of powers, because processing stones for construction was more labour-intensive than the production of bricks.[18] Vijaya's style of architecture seems to have been dominant throughout Champa for some time, given the later classification of the architecture from the period between the 12th and 14th centuries as the 'Binh Dinh style'.[19]

Remains

A relatively large number of towers built in Vijaya have been preserved in Bình Định Province. They include the ruins of the citadel: Cánh Tiên tower and several temple towers. The Dương Long towers are among Southeast Asia's tallest Hinduist buildings.[20]

The ruins of Tây Sơn era Hoang De citadel lies within the old Champa city walls.

विजय (कम्बोडिया)

विजय (कम्बोडिया) (AS, p.850) - प्राचीन भारतीय उपनिवेश चम्पा का मध्यवर्ती भाग. 5 वीं शती ई. में प्रारंभ में यहाँ चम्पा के राजा धर्ममहाराज श्री भद्रवर्मन का आधिपत्य था. विजय नामक नगर में इस राज्य की राजधानी थी. श्रीविनय नामक प्रसिद्ध बंदरगाह यहीं स्थित था.[21]

श्रीविनय

श्रीविनय = Vijaya Vietnam (Cambodia कम्बोडिया) (p.924): यह अनाम या प्राचीन चंपापुरी के विजय नामक प्रांत में स्थित बंदरगाह था (देखें विजय). [22]

Location

References

  1. ↑ Vickery, Michael (2009): "A Short History of Champa". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore, p. 47
  2. ↑ Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443,p:318
  3. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 47
  4. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 47
  5. ↑ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991,p:62,186
  6. ↑ Nguyễn Đình Đầu (2009): "The Vietnamese Southward Expansion, as Viewed Through the Histories". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore, p. 65
  7. ↑ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991,p:75–76
  8. ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.,p:160
  9. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 53
  10. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 54
  11. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 54
  12. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 69
  13. ↑ Nguyen 2009, p. 68
  14. ↑ Nguyen 2009, 69
  15. ↑ Hardy, Andrew (2009): "Eaglewood and the Economic History of Champa and Central Vietnam". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore, p. 119
  16. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 48
  17. ↑ Vickery 2009, p. 48
  18. ↑ Trần Kỳ Phương (2009): "The Architecture of the Temple-Towers of Ancient Champa". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore, p.173
  19. ↑ estimates by Trần Kỳ Phương (Tran 2009, 182)
  20. ↑ Tran 2009, p.173
  21. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.850
  22. ↑ Aitihasik Sthanavali by Vijayendra Kumar Mathur, p.924
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