Chhindaka Naga

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Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (R)

Chhindaka Naga (छिन्दक नाग) was a Nagavanshi King. The Chindaka Nagas were a dynasty that ruled over parts of modern-day Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Their kingdom was known as Chakrakota mandala and included the present-day districts of Bastar, Koraput and Kalahandi.

Variants

Jat Clans

Origin

Dr Naval Viyogi[2] writes that Vayu Puran has mentioned first king of Satavahanas was Sindhuka. The region of Bastar was once ruled by the Satwahana rulers from 72 BC to 200 AD. There is an inscription in which Chalukya king has mentioned his family name Sendrak[3]. Similarly the royal family of Chakrakot has been called Sandrak or Chhindak [4], (Chhinde or Sende which was a well known Naga family of historical period. It seems that all royal families of likewise names belonged to Indus Valley in Origin.

The Chindaka Nagas belonged to Kashyapa gotra and were of Kannada origin, hailing from the Sindavadi country in present-day Karnataka. They were a branch of the Sinda family of Gulbarga.[5][6][7][8][9] Several historians agree with this theory of the Nagas having Kannada ancestry.

The Nagas are believed by certain historians to have arrived in the Chakrakota Mandala region (Bastar-Koraput district-Kalahandi) in 1022 with the expedition of the Chola emperor Rajendra Chola.[10]

Historian Hira Lal Shukla is of the opinion that the Somavamshi kings Uddyotakeśarī and Janmejaya II might have helped the Nagas establish a kingdom in Chakrakota.[11]

Jitāmitra Prasāda Siṃhadeba has hypothesized that the Nagas of Kalahandi were related to the Chindaka Nagas due to the proximity of Kalahandi and Bastar, both the states having Manikyadevi as their patron goddess and because around the time the Naga rule in Chakrakota ended, the Kalahandi kingdom was founded.[12]

However, historian Shiv Kumar Tiwari believes that the Nagas ruled in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh since as early as 760 A.D. His take of historical events from the Nava-sahasanka-charita epic poem is as follows- the Naga ruler of Bastar, Sankhapala, sought help from the Shilahara ruler Aparajita when the ruler of the Mana tribe invaded his kingdom.[13]

History

The Chhindaka Nagas of Chakrakotya: It was in the 11th century AD that a Naga dynasty known as Chhindaka Nagas established their rule over Chakrakota, now known as Bastar in Chhattisgarh. The Errakota inscription provide details about Nripatibhushana, the first ruler of this dynasty. Light on the activities of the next ruler Dharavarsha Jagadekabhushana is thrown by his Barsur, Potinar and Bhairamgarh inscriptions. He was succeeded by Madhurantakadeva, a copper plate inscription of whose regime has been located at Rajapura. The next ruler was Someshvara, political events of whose regime are known by inscriptions found at Kuruspal and Gadia. An inscription issued by his chief queen Gangamahadevi was found at Barsur and another issued by his mother Gundamahadevi located at Narayanpal. An inscription found at Barsur refers to a ruler Kannaradeva of this dynasty. The Jatanpal and Dantewara stone inscriptions refer to Jagadekabhushana Maharaja Narasimhadeva of this lineage. An inscription found at Sunarpal mentions the name of Jayasimhadeva and another located at Temara refers to Harishchandra of this dynasty but the details about the last two rulers are not available. [14]

The Chindaka Nagas ruled over parts of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha and the historical region of Dakshina Kosala. Their kingdom was known as Chakrakota mandala and included the present-day districts of Bastar, Koraput and Kalahandi. Manikyadevi was the patron goddess of these Nagavansi rulers.[15]

They were constantly at war with their neighbours- the Somavamshi dynasty, the Kalachuris of Ratnapura, the Mana dynasty and the Western Chalukya Empire.[16]

The Telugu Chodas who migrated to the region, settled as their feudal rulers. Chandraditya Maharaja, a Telugu Choda chieftain, was a mahamandalashwara (an Indian feudal title) and ruler of Ammagama (modern Ambogam village in Kotapad) was a feudatory of Jagadeka Bhushana.[17]

The Bhanjas of Boudh branch came into conflict with the Chindaka Nagas. In 1060 AD, the Bhanja king Yasobhanja defeated and killed Jagadeka Bhushana. Taking advantage of the power vacuum, Madhurantaka, a close relative of the dead king usurped the throne. However, Somesvara the son of Jagadeka Bhushana claimed the throne as well, leading to a civil war in Chakrakota lasting for 5 years. Kulottunga I, the Chola emperor supported Madhurantaka while the Chola's archrivals, the Chalukyas of Kalyana, supported Somesvara in the struggle. Subsequently, Madhurantaka was killed and Somesvara assumed kingship of Chakrakota.[18] According to N.K. Sahu, Somesvara was the most powerful ruler of the Chindaka Nagas.[19]

Somasvera warred with the declining Somavamshi dynasty who were ruling in Utkala and Kosala at the time. Yosoraja I , the father of Chandraditya Maharaja and Telugucoda lieutenant of Chindaka Naga king Somesvara conquered the eastern parts of Kosala which were under the Somavamshi dynasty in 1069 AD. Yosoraja I then served as the governor of Kosala for Somesvara.[20] In his Kuruspal inscription, Somesvara claimed to have raided the Vengi Kingdom, subjugated the Mana tribe, and declared to have defeated the Udra chief (Somavamshi king) and captured six lakh and ninety-six villages of Dakshina Kosala (central Chhattisgarh) from him.[21][22] Historian Shiv Kumar Tiwari believes that the conquest of Dakshina Kosala by Somesvara is likely an exaggeration and that he only held a small part of that territory for a short period.[23]

The Somavamsis, who had declined, began serving Eastern Gangas, Kalachuri and Chindaka Nagas as chieftains.[24] The Chindaka Naga rulers called themselves as Nagavamsi and the lords of Bhogavati. Bhogavati was the capital of the mythical snake-demons called Nagas.[25][26]

The Chindaka Nagas were defeated by the Kakatiya vassal of Someshvara I, the Chalukya emperor.[27] This dynasty continued to rule the region till the thirteenth century with not many details known about their rulers excepting a few.[28]

No. 4 Kuruspal Stone Inscription of Somesvaradeva[29] mentions certain contemporary kings, Most of these kings are mentioned here by the names of their countries or capitals, those quite clear being Uḍra, Lanji, Ratnapura, Lemṇa, Vengi, Bhadrapattana and Vajra.....Lanji, a well-known tract in the district of Balaghat. ....Lanjika is mentioned along with Vairagara in the Ratnapur inscription of Jajjaladeva among the provinces which paid tribute to him (Above Vol I, p.38). Ed.

No. 23. Rajapura copper plates of Madhurantakadeva Shaka Samvat 983 (=A.D. 1065).

E. Hultzsoh & Sten Konow[30] mention following facts in the Inscription No. 23. Rajapura copper plates of Madhurantakadeva Shaka Samvat 983 (=A.D. 1065). (For details see Inscriptions From The Bastar State)

[p.175]: ....this is perhaps the most ancient Sanskrit inscription yet found in Bastar. Mr. Baijnath found the plates in the possession of a Brahman named Gangadhar Pārhi of Kawadgaon close to Rajapura. Gangādhar received them from his sister-in-law, who found them buried in a field at Naharni, sixteen miles from Rajapura.

[p.176]: The object of the inscription is to record the grant of Rajapura village, situated in the Bhramarakoṭya mandala, to one Meḍipota or a Chhurikara Medipota and his descendants, together with 70 gadyāṇaka2 gold. The grant was made by the king Madhurāntakadeva, who belonged to the Chhindaka family of the Naga (Cobra) race. The inscription is dated in the [Saka] year 887, in the Parābhava samvatsara, on Wednesday o the bright fortnight of Karttika month. Although the tithi has not been given, there is a most minute description of the moment of the grant, the nakshatra being stated to be Anuradhā, the yoga to be Saubhāgya and the karana, to be Gara. From these data the exact date has been kindly calculated for me by Professor Kielhorn who says : " The date for Saka 987 expired corresponds to Wednesday, the 5th October A.D. 1065...." [31]

[p.178]: Some remarks about the dynasty of the king mentioned in this grant will be found above on pp, 161 and ff, where I have dealt with the inscriptions of the Nagavanshi kings found in Bastar, most of, which are not yet published and which I propose to edit in due course as intimated before. The dynasty is clearly related to the Sinda family of Yelburga. Though styled "Lord of Bhogavati, the best of cities," Madhurantakadeva appears to have been a Mandalika (feudatory chief), as the verse in LL. 24-25 shows that his rāj was limited to Bhramarakotya, which is described as a mandala in L. 15. He belonged to the Chhindaka family, one of the 36 Agnikulas 1 mentioned by Chand Bardai, the court poet of Prithviraja.

With regard to the localities mentioned in the record, Rajapura is identical with the present village of the same name, 22 miles north-west of Jagdalpur (the capital of Bastar), on the bank of the Indravati river. There are ruins of a fort there, and it is believed that it was once a royal capital. The present Raja family also dwelt there for some time. Chakrakotya is, I feel little doubt, the town mentioned by the Kashmirian poet Bilhana in his Vikramānkadevacharita (विक्रमांकदेवचरित), in which he records that Vikrama as yuvaraja set out on a series of warlike expeditions, with the permission of his father. He repeatedly defeated the Cholas and plundered Kanchi. He assisted the king of Malava in regaining his kingdom and carried his arms as far north as Gauda and Kamarupa. He attacked also the king of Simhala or Ceylon, destroyed the sandal wood forests of Malaya Hills and slew the lord of Kerala. He finally conquered Gangakunda (गंगकुंड) (IV 21) Vengi (IV. 29) and Chakrakota (IV. 30). After haying accomplished these brilliant exploits Vikrama turned homewards, and, on coming as far as the Krishna", he was suddenly disquieted by the news of his father's death. Dr. Buhler2 remarks that " Bilhana's rhapsodic treatment of this portion of Vikrama's career makes it impossible to determine the chronological order of these wars. Only so much may be considered certain that his last exploits were performed in the south as he came on his homeward march to the Krishna." There can be no doubt about these exploits of Vikrama. They were, as related above, the conquest of Gangakunda, Vengi and Chakrakota, and at least these seem to have been conquered in the order in which they have been mentioned. Gangakunda was the Chola capital, situated in the north-east corner of the Trichinopoly district,3 whence Vikrama proceeded north to Vengi, the country between the Krishna,

[p. 179]: and the Gadavari. He apparently crossed the latter and raided the country of Chakrakota and then wended his way homewards. This occurred just a few years after the present grant was made (1065 A.D.), in. as much as Vikrama became king in 1076 A.D. Many a southern king 1 like-wise raided this somewhat weak power, which must accordingly have been situated near to their kingdoms. Therefore Chakrakota was not near Dhara, as some scholars have supposed, but was contiguous to Vengi, being situated in the present Bastar state. I think the confusion with Dhara is due to the fact that Chakrakotya (चक्रकोट्य) had a king named Dharavarsha (which has been apparently wrongly interpreted to mean 'king of Dhara' 2 ). In an unpublished inscription found at Kuruspal, a place close to Rajapura, there occurs Chakrakutādhīshvarāṇām kulam=alaṁkarishṇuḥ .... samabhavad Dharāvarshanāmo nareshvaraḥ (चक्रकूटाधीश्वराणाम् कुलम्=अलंकरिष्णु:...समभवद् धरावर्शनामो नरेश्वर:). The Nararayanpala inscription also mentions Dhāravarsha (धारावर्ष), whose widow Gunda-mahadevi (गुण्ड महादेवी ) gave away-the Narayanapura village in her grandson's reign in the year 1111 A.D. 3 The name Chakrakotya (चक्रकोट्य) probably survives in the present Chitrakuta or Chitrakota, 8 miles from Rajapura. Bhramarakotya (भ्रमरकोट्य) was possibly an alternative name of Chakrakotya, which seems to survive in Ghumara, a name given to the fall of the Indravati at Chitrakota .

1. The first raid so far as is known appears to have been made by Vijayaditya III of the Eastern Chalukya line, who ruled between 844 and 888 A.D. He burnt Chakrakota (चक्रकोट) (above, Vol. IV. p. 226). Then the Chola Rajendra-Chola I. (A.D. 1011-33) took Sakkara-kottam (South. Ind. Inscr. Vol. II. p. 108), while one of his successors, king Virarajendra I., claims to have crossed the Godavari, passed through Kalinga, and advanced against Chakrakota (ibid. Vol. III. p. 70). Next the Chola king Kulottunga, while yet a youth, won his first laurels in battle by storming Chakrakota. This happened prior to 1070 A.D. and is mentioned in the Tamil poem Kalingattu Parani (X 24), and also in inscriptions (see e.g. Ind. Ant. Vol. XXI. p. 286), Vikrama was probably the fifth raider, the sixth being Vishnuvardhana Hoysala in the 12th century (Kielhom's Southern list,No. 396).

2. I would therefore, instead of ' Rajakesarivarman (i.e. Kulottunga Chola I.) conquered the king of Dhara (varsha) at Chakrakotta ' (see Kielhorn's Southern list No.756)

3 See above, page 161.

Decline

The Kalachuri king of Ratanpur, Jajalla-deva I (1090-1120 CE), invaded the Chindaka Naga territory in 1114 AD annexing Kosala which was under Telugu Choda governorship. Jajalla-Deva I defeated Somesvara and took him prisoner, only releasing him at the intervention of his mother.[32][33]

During the struggle between the Gangas of Orissa and Kalachuris of Ratnapura for the Kalahandi region, the Chindaka Nagas allied themselves with the Gangas. The Kalachuri king Prithvi-deva II retaliated by devastating Chakrakota and destroying the Chindaka Naga capital, in an attempt to terrorise the Ganga king Anantavarman.[34]

The Bilaigarh copper plates inscription of Prithvideva reads- "His son Prithvîdëva (II) of well-known fame, who has planted his lotus-like foot on the rows of hostile princes' heads, has become the lord of kings — (he) who, by devastating Chakrakota, overwhelmed the illustrious Ganga king with anxiety in regard to the crossing of the ocean which was the sole means (of saving his life)."[35]

During the first half of 13th century, Chakrakota was invaded by Kholeshvara, the general of Yadava ruler Singhanadeva of Deogiri.[18] Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva also invaded bastar during 13th century. The last known ruler of this dynasty was Harishchandradeva, known from a Sati inscription dated 1324 AD.[36]

Coat of arms

The Naga kings' coat of arms included a snake banner and the "tiger-with-cub" crest.[37]

List of rulers

The Chindaka Naga rulers known from inscriptions (dated to regnal years) are-[38][39]

  1. Nrupati Bhushana (c. 1023 – ?)
  2. Jagadeka Bhushana or Dharavarsha
  3. Madhurantaka (1060-1069)
  4. Somesvara (c. 1069 - ?)
  5. Kanhara I
  6. Raja Bhushana
  7. Kanhara II
  8. Jagadeka Bhushana Narasimhadeva
  9. Somesvara II
  10. Harishchandradeva (c. 1324 - ?)

Jat History

Chitrakota has been identified with Chakrakota Kingdom of Nagavanshi Jat rulers.[40]

'Bilaigarh Plates of Prithvideva II : Kalachuri year 896 (1144 AD)' is inscription of Prithvideva II from Kalachuris of Ratanpur which mentions about a Naga Ruler named Jateshwara in Chakrakota.[41] Here Jateshwara is used for a Jat King.

Jateśvara = Jat God. Jateśvara is mentioned in 'Ratanpur stone inscription of of Prithvideva II : Kalachuri year 915 (1163 AD)'. [42]....The only point of historical interest mentioned in the extant portion is that he obtained a victory over Jatesvara who is evidently identical with the homonyms son of Anantavarman Chôdaganga. [43].

The king Madhurāntakadeva of Bhramarakotya (भ्रमरकोट्य) (possibly an alternative name of Chakrakotya) Kingdom, who belonged to the Chhindaka family of the Naga (Cobra) race, was a Nagavanshi Jat of Chhindaka Jat Gotra.[44]

Dilip Singh Ahlawat [45] writes about Chakrakotya being ruled by Nagavanshi Jats.... The Naga Jats ruled over Kantipur, Mathura, Padmavati, Kausambi, Nagpur, Champavati, (Bahgalpur) and in the central India, in western Malwa, Nagaur (Jodhpur- Rajasthan). In addition they ruled the ancient land of Shergarh, (Kotah Rajasthan), Madhya Pradesh (Central India), Chutiya Nagpur, Khairagarh, Chakrakotya and Kawardha. The great scholar, Jat Emperor, Bhoja Parmar, mother Shashiprabha was a maiden of a Naga Clan.

E. Hultzsoh & Sten Konow[46] mention following facts in the Inscription No. 23. Rajapura copper plates of Madhurantakadeva Shaka Samvat 983 (=A.D. 1065). (For details see Inscriptions From The Bastar State)

[p.176]: The object of the inscription is to record the grant of Rajapura village, situated in the Bhramarakoṭya mandala, to one Meḍipota or a Chhurikara Medipota and his descendants, together with 70 gadyāṇaka2 gold. The grant was made by the king Madhurāntakadeva, who belonged to the Chhindaka family of the Naga (Cobra) race.

[p.178]: The dynasty is clearly related to the Sinda family of Yelburga. Though styled "Lord of Bhogavati, the best of cities," Madhurantakadeva appears to have been a Mandalika (feudatory chief), as the verse in LL. 24-25 shows that his rāj was limited to Bhramarakotya, which is described as a mandala in L. 15. He belonged to the Chhindaka family, one of the 36 Agnikulas 1 mentioned by Chand Bardai, the court poet of Prithviraja.

With regard to the localities mentioned in the record, Rajapura is identical with the present village of the same name, 22 miles north-west of Jagdalpur (the capital of Bastar), on the bank of the Indravati river. There are ruins of a fort there, and it is believed that it was once a royal capital. The present Raja family also dwelt there for some time in Chakrakotya.

[p.179]: Chakrakotya (चक्रकोट्य) had a king named Dharavarsha (which has been apparently wrongly interpreted to mean 'king of Dhara' 2 ). In an unpublished inscription found at Kuruspal, a place close to Rajapura, there occurs Chakrakutādhīshvarāṇām kulam=alaṁkarishṇuḥ .... samabhavad Dharāvarshanāmo nareshvaraḥ (चक्रकूटाधीश्वराणाम् कुलम्=अलंकरिष्णु:...समभवद् धरावर्शनामो नरेश्वर:). The Nararayanpala inscription also mentions Dhāravarsha (धारावर्ष), whose widow Gunda-mahadevi (गुण्ड महादेवी ) gave away-the Narayanapura village in her grandson's reign in the year 1111 A.D. 3 The name Chakrakotya (चक्रकोट्य) probably survives in the present Chitrakuta or Chitrakota, 8 miles from Rajapura. Bhramarakotya (भ्रमरकोट्य) was possibly an alternative name of Chakrakotya, which seems to survive in Ghumara, a name given to the fall of the Indravati at Chitrakota .

Chakrakotya (चक्रकोट्य) was a kingdom of Nagavanshi Jats. Chakrakota bas been identified with the central portion of the former Bastar State with capital at Jagdalpur. The name probably survives in the present Chitrakot, about 30 miles north by west of Jagdalpur, in Jagdalpur tahsil of present Bastar district in Chhattisgarh. [47]

बस्तर का प्राचीन इतिहास

बस्तर ने कई शासक राजवंशों को अपनी पहचान को आकार देते हुए और समय के साथ परिवर्तनों को पोषित करते हुए देखा है. नल, गंग, नाग (नागवंशी), और काकतीय मुख्य राजवंश थे जो बस्तर के इतिहास से निकटता से जुड़े थे. "नागवंशी " वास्तव में सिंधुघाटी के निवासी थे जिन्होंने 1500 ईसा पूर्व में सिंधुघाटी से किन्हीं कारणों से बस्तर के जंगल की ओर प्रस्थान किया. इन सभी प्राचीन राजवंशो के अवशेष वर्त्तमान में विभिन जाट गोत्रों के रूप में विद्यमान हैं.

उत्तरी बस्तर में स्थित कांकेर शहर और दक्षिण बस्तर में स्थित कांगेर नदी का नामकरण महाभारत कालीन कंक लोगों के नाम पर पड़ा है जो युधिष्ठिर को भेंट देने के लिए पहुंचे थे. महाभारत (II.47.26)[48] में इनका सर पर सींग धारण करने का उल्लेख मिलता है जो प्रथा ईरानी जनजातियों में प्रचलित थी और वर्त्तमान में बस्तर के मुरिया और माड़िया (गोंड) आदिवासियों में भी प्रचलित है. संध्या जैन[49] ने कंक लोगों की पहचान पंजाब में व्यास और सतलज नदियों के मध्य बसे हुए कंग जाटों से की है.

डॉ. नवल वियोगी [50] ने लिखा है कि सातवाहनों ने 72 BC से 200 AD तक बस्तर में राज्य किया. वायुपुराण में उनके प्रथम राजा का नाम सिन्धुक बताया है. एक शिलालेख में चालुक्य राजा ने अपना पारिवारिक नाम सेंद्रक[51] उल्लेखित किया है. इसीप्रकार चक्रकोट के शाही परिवार को संद्रक या छिंदक [52] वंश का बताया गया है जो ज्ञात इतिहास में एक प्रतिष्टित नागवंशी जाट परिवार था. ऐसा अनुमान है कि सिन्धुक या इससे मिलते-जुलते नाम सिन्धु-घाटी अभिगमन करने वाले नागवंशी जाटों के हैं. सिंधु एक जाट गोत्र है.

नागवंश का स्वर्णिम अध्याय 700 से 1300 ईस्वी तक का रहा है. उनके युग के दौरान प्रमुख पुरातात्विक निर्माण हुए. जिस समय दक्षिण कोसल क्षेत्र में कलचुरि वंश का शासन था, लगभग उसी समय बस्तर क्षेत्र में छिन्दक नागवंश के राजाओं का अधिकार था. ये नागवंशी चक्रकोट के राजा के नाम से विख्यात थे. प्राचीन महाकान्तर अथवा दण्डकारण्य का वह भाग इस काल में ‘चक्रकोट’ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध हुआ. कालान्तर में इसी का रूप बदलकर ‘चित्रकोट’हो गया. बस्तर के नागवंशी राजा भोगवतीपुरवरेश्वर की उपाधि धारण करते थे. ये अपने आपको कश्यप गोत्रीय एवं छिन्दक कुल का मानते थे. सम्भवतः इसीलिये इन्हें छिन्दक नाग कहा जाता है. यहाँ सन 1109 ई. का एक शिलालेख तेलगुु भाषा का प्राप्त हुआ. जिसमें सोमेश्वर देव और उसकी रानी का उल्लेख है.

यह उल्लेखनीय है कि छिन्दक नागवंश के नाम पर वर्त्तमान में जाटों में छिन्दक नाम का गोत्र है. चक्रकोट की पहचान बस्तर में स्थित वर्त्तमान चित्रकोट से की गयी है. छत्तीसगढ़ के रायपुर जिले में स्थित बिलाईगढ़ के पृथ्वीदेव द्वितीय के कलचुरी वर्ष 896 (1144 ई.) के ताम्राभिलेख में चक्रकोट के नागवंशी राजा को जटेश्वर लिखा गया है. इससे प्रमाणित होता है कि बस्तर के नागवंशी राजा जाट थे.

दलीप सिंह अहलावत [53] ने लिखा है कि नागवंशी जाटों का राज्य कान्तिपुर, मथुरा, पद्मावती, कौशाम्बी, अहिक्षतपुर, नागपुर, चम्पावती (भागलपुर), बुन्देलखण्ड तथा मध्यप्रान्त पश्चिमी मालवा, नागौर (जोधपुर) पर रहा। इनके अतिरिक्त शेरगढ़ कोटा राज्य की प्राचीन भूमि पर, मध्यप्रदेश में चुटिया, नागपुर, खैरागढ़, चक्रकोट्य एवं कवर्धा में भी इस वंश का राज्य था।

बस्तर जिले के अनेक गाँवों के नाम नागवंशी और सीथियन जाटों के नामों से मेल खाते हैं. (See: Bastar Jat Gotras Namesake)

छिंदक नाग वंश के शासक

छिंदक नाग वंश के शासक (1023 ई. से 1324 ई.) - छिंदक नागवंश छत्तीसगढ़ का एक क्षेत्रिय राजवंश है जिसने 1023ई. से 1324ई. तक बस्तर क्षेत्र में शासन किया। छिंदक कुल के होने के कारण और राष्ट्र ध्वज में सर्प चिन्ह के होने के कारण इस कुल को छिंदक नागवंश कहा गया। इन्हे कश्यप गोत्र का माना जाता है और इनके शासनकाल में बस्तर को चक्रकोट कहा जाता था। इस वंश को हम छत्तीसगढ़ के मध्यकालीन इतिहास के अंतर्गत पढ़ते हैं और तब "बस्तर" छत्तीसगढ़ का हिस्सा न होकर एक "पृथक राज्य" हुआ करता था। इस कालखंड में छत्तीसगढ़ पर रतनपुर के कलचुरियों का शासन था। भोगवतीपुरेश्वर नृपती भूषण छिंदक नागवंश के प्रथम शासक थे और इन्हे ही इस वंश का संस्थापक माना जाता है। इस वंश के शासकों के द्वारा भोगवतीपुरेश्वर की विशेष उपाधि धारण की जाती थी। इनकी स्थायी राजधानी चक्रकोट (बारसूर, दंतेवाड़ा) रही है।

1. नृपतिभूषण:- बस्तर के छिंदक नागवंश के प्रथम राजा का नाम नृपतिभूषण का उल्लेख एराकोट से प्राप्त शक संवत् 945 अर्थात् 1023 ई. के एक तेलुगु शिलालेख में मिलता है. इसकी राज्यावधि के विषय में स्पष्ट जानकारी नहीं है. नृपतिभूषण बस्तर के छिन्दक नागवंश के प्रथम शासक का नाम नृपति भूषण ने 1023 ई. में बारसूर पर अधिकार किया था। इतिहासविदों ने यह सम्भावना व्यक्ति की है कि नृपति भूषण चोल राजा राजेन्द्र चोल प्रथम ने सेना के साथ बस्तर में प्रवेश किया होगा।

2. धारावर्ष :- धारावर्ष नृपतिभूषण के उत्तराधिकारी धारावर्ष जगदेवभूषण का बारसूर से शक संवत् 983 अर्थात् 1060 ई. का एक शिलालेख प्राप्त हुआ है, जिसके अनुसार उसके सामन्त चन्द्रादित्य ने बारसूर में एक तालाब का उत्खनन कराया था तथा एक शिव मन्दिर का निर्माण कराया था. समकालीन समय में धारावर्ष महत्वपूर्ण शासक था.

3. मधुरांतक देव :- इस वंश का तीसरा शासक था, इसके काल के विषय में प्राप्त राजपुर के समीप के ताम्रपत्र में नरबलि के लिखित साक्ष्य प्राप्त हुए हैं. धारावर्ष की मृत्यु के बाद उसके दो सम्बन्धी मधुरांतकदेव तथा उसके बेटे सोमेश्वरदेव के बीच सत्ता संघर्ष की स्थिति उत्पन्न हो गई और कुछ समय के लिये मधुरांतकदेव धारावर्ष के बाद शासक बना. उसका एक ताम्रपत्र लेख राजपुर (जगदलपुर) से प्राप्त हुआ है, जिसमें भ्रमरकोट मण्डल स्थित राजपुर ग्राम के दान का उल्लेख है. सम्भवतः भ्रमरकोट ‘चक्रकोट’ का ही दूसरा नाम है अथवा उसी के अन्तर्गत एक क्षेत्र.

4. सोमेश्वरदेव (I):- अल्पकाल में ही धारावर्ष के पुत्र सोमेश्वर ने मधुरांतक से अपना पैतृक राज्य प्राप्त कर लिया. यह एक महान् योद्धा, विजेता और पराक्रमी नरेश था. उसने बस्तर क्षेत्र के अतिरिक्त वेंगी, भद्रपट्टन एवं वज़ आदि क्षेत्रों को विजित किया. इसने दक्षिण कोसल के 6 लाख 96 ग्रामों में अधिकार कर लिया था, किन्तु शीघ्र ही कलचुरि राजा जाजल्लदेव प्रथम ने उसे पराजित कर उसके राज महिषी एवं मंत्री को बंदी बना लिया, किन्तु उसकी माता की प्रार्थना पर उसे मुक्त कर दिया. सोमेश्वर देव के काल के अभिलेख 1069 ई. से 1079 ई. के मध्य प्राप्त हुये. उसकी मृत्यु 1079 ई. से 1111 ई. के मध्य हुई होगी, क्योंकि सोमेश्वर की माता गुंडमहादेवी का नारायणपाल में प्राप्त शिलालेख से ज्ञात होता है कि सन् 1111 ई. में सोमेश्वर का पुत्र कन्हरदेव राजा था. इसके अतिरिक्त कुरूसपाल अभिलेख एवं राजपुर ताम्राभिलेख से भी कन्हरदेव के शासन का उल्लेख मिलता है.

सोमेश्वर देव (I) का विजय अभियान

  • उड्र (ओडिशा) विजय – यहां इन्होंने सोमवंशी शासक उद्योत केसरी महाभाव गुप्त चतुर्थ को हराया।
  • रतनपुर शासक पृथ्वी देव प्रथम पर विजय।

रतनपुर नरेश पृथ्वीदेव प्रथम इस हार को सहन नहीं कर सके और उन्होंने राजकाज से दूरी बना ली। इस हार का बदला लेने के लिए इनके पुत्र जाज्जलदेव प्रथम ने चक्रकोट (बस्तर) पर हमला किया और इस युद्ध में इस बार सोमेश्वर देव की हार हुई, जाज्जलदेव ने इनको इनकी पत्नी और मंत्री (सेनापति) को बंदी बना लिया। लेकिन अपनी मां गुंडमहादेवी के आग्रह के कारण इन्होंने सोमेश्वरदेव की पत्नी और मंत्री को छोड़ दिया।

5. कन्हर देव (I) - सोमेश्वर की मृत्यु के बाद ये सिंहासान पर बैठे, इनका कार्यकाल 1111 ई. – 1122 ई. तक था,कन्हार्देव के बाद – जयसिंह देव, नरसिंह देव, कन्हरदेव द्वितीय, शासक बने. इनके शासनकाल के दौरान बस्तर पर एक बार फिर कल्चुरी आक्रमण हुआ। इस बार कल्चुरी शासक पृथ्वीदेव द्वितीय के सामंत जगपाल देव ने 1145ई. में यहां आक्रमण किया, इस युद्ध में कन्हरदेव की हार हुई। इनके बारे में कहा जाता है कि आक्रमण की खबर सुनने के बाद ये राजधानी छोड़कर भाग गए थे।

6. राजभूषण सोमेश्वर देव (II): राजभूषण अथवा सोमेश्वर द्वितीय कन्हर के पश्चात् सम्भवत् राजभूषण सोमेश्वर नामक राजा हुआ. उसकी रानी गंगमहादेवी का एक शिलालेख बारसूर से प्राप्त हुआ है, जिसमें शक संवत् 1130 अर्थात् 1208 ई. उल्लिखित है.

7. जगदेवभूषण- नरसिंहदेव सोमेश्वर द्वितीय के पश्चात् जगदेवभूषण नरसिंहदेव शासक हुआ, जिसका शक संवत् 1140 अर्थात् 1218 ई. का शिलालेख जटनपाल से तथा शक संवत् 1147 अर्थात् 1224 ई. का स्तम्भ लेख मिलता है, भैरमगढ़ के एक शिलालेख से ज्ञात होता है कि वह माणिकदेवी का भक्त था. माणिक देवी को दंतेवाड़ा की प्रसिद्ध दंतेश्वरी देवी से समीकृत किया जाता है.

8. कन्हरदेव (II)

9. जयसिंह देव (I)

10. हरिशचंद्र देव (अंतिम शासक ) – इसके पश्चात् छिंदक नागवंश का क्रमबद्ध इतिहास नहीं मिलता. सुनारपाल के तिथिविहीन शिलालेख से जैयसिंह देव नामक राजा का उल्लेख मिलता है. अन्तिम लेख ‘टेमरा’ से प्राप्त एक सती स्मारक लेख शक संवत् 1246 अर्थात् 1324 ई. का है, जिसमें हरिशचन्द्र नामक चक्रकोट के राजा का उल्लेख मिलता है. यह सम्भवतः नागवंशी राजा ही है. इसके पश्चात् नागवंश से सम्बन्धित जानकारी उपलब्ध नहीं है.

छिंदक नागवंशके अंतिम शासक हरिश्चन्द्र देव ने 1324 ई. तक शासन किया. हरिशचंद्र देव की बेटी चमेली देवी ने अन्नमदेव से कड़ा मुकाबला किया था, जो कि “चक्रकोट की लोककथा ” में आज भी जीवित है. इनके शासनकाल के दौरान वारंगल के चालुक्य अन्नमदेव जो कि काकतीय वंश का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रहे थे, ने 1324 ई. में इनपर आक्रमण किया जिसमें इनकी मौत हुई। अन्नमदेव ने इनकी पुत्री चमेली देवी के सामने विवाह का प्रस्ताव रखा लेकिन चमेली देवी ने इस प्रस्ताव को ठुकरा दिया और इस तरह से इनकी भी युद्ध करते हुए मृत्यु हुई। चमेली देवी को आज भी बस्तर के लोग अपने लोकगीतों के द्वारा याद करते हैं।

इस वंश के अंतिम अभिलेख ‘टेमरा’ से प्राप्त हुआ है , जिसे सती स्मारक अभिलेख भी कहा जाता है, जिसमे हरिश्चंद्र का वर्णन है. छिंदक नागवंश कल्चुरी वंश के समकालीन थे. हरिश्चन्द्र को वारंगल (आंध्रप्रदेश) के चालुक्य अन्नभेदव (जो काकतीय वंश के थे) ने हराया और छिंदक नागवंश को समाप्त कर दिया।


छिंदक नागवंश के अभिलेख : इस वंश से अबतक पांच अभिलेख प्राप्त होने की पुष्टी की जाती है

1. एर्राकोट अभिलेख (नृपति भूषण)

2. राजपुर (जगदलपुर) अभिलेख (मधुरांतक देव)

3. कुरुसपाल अभिलेख (सोमेश्वर देव–I)

4. राजपुर अभिलेख (कन्हर देव)

5. टेमरा सती अभिलेख (हरीशचंद्र)।


छिंदक नागवंशियों का निर्माण कार्य - इस वंश के प्रमुख निर्माण कार्य निम्न हैं

1. चद्रादितेश्वर(चन्द्रादित्य) मंदिर

2. बत्तीसा मंदिर (भगवान शिव का जुड़वा मंदिर)

3. मामा–भांजा मंदिर

4. विशाल गणेश प्रतिमा

5. चन्द्रादित्य सरोवर

6. नारायणपाल मंदिर

Source - बस्तर का छिंदक नागवंश–छत्तीसगढ़ का क्षेत्रिय राजवंश

सन्दर्भ : बस्तर का स्वर्णिम इतिहास, बस्तरिया बाबु, 08.10.2022

See also

References

  1. ↑ डॉ पेमाराम:राजस्थान के जाटों का इतिहास, 2010, पृ.300
  2. ↑ Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India,p.301
  3. ↑ Vaidya C.V., "Madhya Yugin Bharat"
  4. ↑ MRE (1808-9) Inscriptions in Berar and C.P. no. 269,p.111
  5. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  6. ↑ DASIA, Z. A. (August 1907). EPIGRAPHIA INDICA VOL IX (in Portuguese). MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS,DELHI.
  7. ↑ Shukla, Hira Lal (1985). Language, Ethnicity, and History: Dimensions in Anthropological Linguistics. B.R. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7018-239-9.
  8. ↑ Orissa District Gazetteers: Kalahandi.
  9. ↑ Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnatakakaushik, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2
  10. ↑ Orissa District Gazetteers: Kalahandi.
  11. ↑ Shukla, Hira Lal (1985). Language, Ethnicity, and History: Dimensions in Anthropological Linguistics. B.R. Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7018-239-9.
  12. ↑ Siṃhadeba, Jitāmitra Prasāda (2006). Archaeology of Orissa: With Special Reference to Nuapada and Kalahandi. R.N. Bhattacharya. ISBN 978-81-87661-50-4.
  13. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  14. ↑ Archaeological excavations in central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh By R. K. Sharma, Om Prakash Misra, p. 14-15
  15. ↑ "Central Provinces District Gazetter- Chanda". Gazetteers- Maharashtra Government.
  16. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  17. ↑ Orissa District Gazetteers: Kalahandi.
  18. ↑ Orissa District Gazetteers: Kalahandi.
  19. ↑ Sahu, N. K. (1981). History of Orissa. Nalanda.
  20. ↑ Patnaik, Jeeban Kumar. "Temples of South Kosala 6th century A D 11th century A D a case study of stellate temples-Chapter II: Historical background of South Kosala" (PDF). Shodaganga Inflibnet. Shodaganga Inflibnet.
  21. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  22. ↑ Panda, Harihar. "Princely State of Gangpur" (PDF). Magazines Odisha. Magazines Odisha.
  23. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  24. ↑ Panda, Harihar. "Princely State of Gangpur" (PDF). Magazines Odisha. Magazines Odisha.
  25. ↑ Gupta, Karunakana. "Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 3". JSTOR. JSTOR. JSTOR 44252377.
  26. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  27. ↑ Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.138
  28. ↑ "Odisha District Gazeteers, Nabarangpur" (PDF).
  29. ↑ Epigraphia Indica & Record of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol.X, 1909-10, pp.26
  30. ↑ Epigraphia Indica Vol. IX (1907-08): A S I, Edited by E. Hultzsoh, Ph.D. & Sten Konow, Ph.D., p.174-181
  31. ↑ Epigraphia Indica Vol. IX (1907-08): A S I, Edited by E. Hultzsoh, Ph.D. & Sten Konow, Ph.D., p.176
  32. ↑ Orissa District Gazetteers: Kalahandi.
  33. ↑ Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (1955). Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era. Government Epigraphist for India.
  34. ↑ https://www.samacharjustclick.com/manikyadevi-manikeshwari-a-goddess-who-exemplifies-cultural-assimilation/
  35. ↑ Mirashi, Vasudev Vishnu (21 August 2011). CORPUS INSCRIPTIONIUM INDICARIUM VOL IV PART 2: INSCRIPTIONS OF THE KALACHURI-CHEDI ERA (Paperback ed.). Nabu Press. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-1175755339.
  36. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  37. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  38. ↑ Tiwari, Shiv Kumar (2002). Tribal Roots Of Hinduism. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. p. 206-234. ISBN 9788176252997.
  39. ↑ DASIA, Z. A. (August 1907). EPIGRAPHIA INDICA VOL IX (in Portuguese). MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS,DELH
  40. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p. 459
  41. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p. 459
  42. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p. 509
  43. ↑ Corpus Inscriptionium Indicarium Vol IV Part 2 Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi, 1905, p. 501
  44. ↑ डॉ पेमाराम:राजस्थान के जाटों का इतिहास, 2010, पृ.300
  45. ↑ Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter III, p.242
  46. ↑ Epigraphia Indica Vol. IX (1907-08): A S I, Edited by E. Hultzsoh, Ph.D. & Sten Konow, Ph.D., p.174-181
  47. ↑ Epigraphia Indica Vol. IX (1907-08): A S I, Edited by E. Hultzsoh, Ph.D. & Sten Konow, Ph.D., p.179
  48. ↑ शकास तुखाराः कङ्काश च रॊमशाः शृङ्गिणॊ नराः, महागमान दूूरगमान गणितान अर्बुदं हयान (II.47.26)
  49. ↑ Sandhya Jain:Adideo Arya Devata, A Panoramic view of Tribal-Hindu Cultural Interface, Published in 2004 by Rupa & Co, 7/16, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi, p.131
  50. ↑ Dr Naval Viyogi: Nagas – The Ancient Rulers of India,p.301
  51. ↑ Vaidya C.V., "Madhya Yugin Bharat"
  52. ↑ MRE (1808-9) Inscriptions in Berar and C.P. no. 269,p.111
  53. ↑ Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter III, p.242

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